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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


internatinnal 
Qlnngrfss  of 


HELD    AT 

SAN    FRANCISCO.  CALIFORNIAi  U.  S.  A. 

JULY  28,  29,  30  and  31.  1915 

PROCEEDINGS 


FKANK   IIERVKY    PETTINORI^I^,  Presidknt 
cr. AUKNCK    B1>WAKT>    IIK.VLD,  SBCRKTA.HY 


I 
I 


<»         PROCEEDINGS 

INTERNATIONAL.  CONGRESS 

OF 

GENEALOGY 


SAN      FRANCISCO 

JULY  26-31,  1915 


ti 


PUBLISHED  BY 
ORGANIZATION    COMMITTEE 
OF 
INTERNATIONAL   GENEALOGICAL    FEDERATION 


CSX 


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PROCEEDINGS 

INTERNATIONAL   CONGRESS 

OF    GENEALOGY 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 


Title  PAge 

Section  I — Historical 

1.  Foreword I 

by  James  A.  Ban 

2.  History  of  Organization    ^ 

by  ^outwell  Tiunlap 

Section  II — Proceedings 

1.  Summary  of  Proceedings 6 

2.  Minutes  of  Sessions . . 29 

Section  III — Papers  and  Addresses 

n  chronoJosical  order  ai  read. 

1.     "Genealogy  and  Family  Name  Origins  of  the  Chinese  Race"_-      33 
by  Kiang  Shoo  Chuan  Kang  Hu 

2.      "Genealogical     Records     of    the     Maori    of     New     Zealand" 

With  tables 46 

by  Elsdon  Best 


3.  "Genealogy  of  the  Native  Hawalians" 58 

by  Bruce  Cartwright,  Jr. 

4.  "Genealogical  Charts"  (Summary  of  exhibit) 60 

by  Sarah  Louise  Kimball 

3.     "  The  Relationship  Between  Genealogy  and   Eugenics" _      63 

by  Paul  Poperioe 

6.  "  Genealogical  Research  Among  Descendents  of  the  Mayflower 

Emigrants"    79 

by  Herbert  Folger 

7.  "The  Study  of  Genealogy  and  Its  Place  in  the  Affairs  of  Human 

Society  "   81 

by  Charles  G.  Finney  Wilcox 

8.  "The  House  Restored" 91 

by  Marian   Longfellow 

9.  "Genealogical  Research  in  Denmark" 95 

by   Th.  Hauch-Fausholl 

10.     "  Letter  from  Siam  " 99 

V.  Frankfurter 

\\.     "President's  Address"  (Commemorative  Session) 100 

by  Frank  Hetcey  Pettingell 

12.  "  Address  of  Welcome  "  (Commemorative  Session) 101 

by  Colcin  B.   Brown 

13.  "  Response  and  Acceptance  of  Commemorative  Medal  " 103 

by  Henry  Byron  Phillips 


SECTION    I 


iTORIGl^L 


By  JAMES  A.  BARR 

OIRKCTOR    OK    CONGRKSSKS.  PANAMA-PACIFIC    INTERNATIONA f. 

KXPOSITION 


The  International  Congress  of  Genealogy,  which  held  its  meet- 
ings in  the  Exposition  Memorial  Auditorium  at  the  Civic  Center 
of  San  Francisco,  July  28th,  29th  and  30th,  1915,  was  conceived 
in  the  active  circles  of  the  California  Genealogical  Society  in  the 
autumn  of  1912.  From  the  day  of  its  conception,  the  idea  grew 
within  that  Society  and  soon  a  committee  composed  of  its  most 
active  members  was  working  in  full  harmony  with  the  Bureau 
of  Conventions  and  Societies  of  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition  to  get  in  touch  with  the  leading  genealogists  of  the 
world  and  with  the  chief  genealogical,  historic,  patriotic  and 
family  organizations  to  induce  their  co-operation  and  affiliation. 

The  Congress  was  held  at  the  time  originally  outlined,  was 
composed  of  delegates  representing  sixty-six  {66)  organizations 
from  various  portions  of  the  United  States  and  from  other  coun- 
tries, which  named  297  delegates  to  attend  and  participate  in  the 
Congress.  It  was  generally  conceded  by  those  attending  or  taking 
an  interest  in  the  Congress,  that  it  was  more  widely  representa- 
tive, truer  to  its  original  purpose,  and  more  .successful  in  the  cul- 
mination of  its  conceded  sentiment  than  any  first  gathering  of 
world  organizations  ever  held. 

The  International  Congress  of  Genealogy  appealed  to  no  mer- 
cenary or  commercial  spirit,  but  was  a  worthy  attempt  by  the 
promoters  to  delve  deep  into  the  sentiment  of  those  upholding 
truths  of  the  past,  in  a  first  attempt  to  get  them  to  assemble,  to 
agree  upon  certain  methods  of  endeavor,  to  perfect  standards  of 
work  and  records,  to  exclude  the  spurious,  the  ill-gotten  and  the 
unproved,  to  exchange  views  regarding  more  systematic  procedure, 
and  to  consider  the  value  or  relative  importance  of  heraldry, 
eugenics  and  other  problems  seeming  to  have  connection  ^v^th 
genealogy. 


i  INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

All  this  was  accomplished  with  little  excitement  and  dissent 
during  the  three  days'  gathering  and  all  present  felt  that  their 
highest  expectation  had  been  accomplished  by  the  appointment  of  a 
competent  committee  of  three  to  make  the  work  and  the  organiza- 
tion permanent,  by  taking  adequate  steps  to  organize  the  Interna- 
tional Genealogical  Federation. 

It  is  hoped  and  believed  by  all  those  participating,  that  such 
wise  and  safe  steps  will  be  taken  by  the  experienced  men  chosen 
for  the  task  and  by  the  persistent  and  timely  activities  carried  on 
by  the  competent  secretary  chosen,  that  as  a  result  of  the  First  In- 
ternational Congress  of  Genealogy,  an  International  Genealogical 
Federation  M'ill  be  organized,  which  will  not  only  attract  the  co- 
operation of  all  deserving  genealogical,  historical  and  family  organ- 
izations, but  will  so  arrange  the  meetings,  as  to  time  and  place,  as 
to  result  in  continued  attendance,  greater  interest  and  the  achieve- 
ment of  every  worthy  desire. 


PERSONNEL    OF    THE    CALIFORNIA    GENEALOGICAL 
SOCIETY'S  ORGANIZATION  COMMITTEE. 

Chairman 
Orra  E.  Monnette 


Secretary 
Miss  Carlie  Inez  Tomlinson 


f- 


Members 
Hon.  Boutwell  Dunlap 

Henry  B.  Phillips 

Mrs.  Lydia  Lucelia  Gillogly 

Jas.  a.  Barr 


JAMES    ADAM      BARR 


HISTORY     OF     ORGANIZATION 


HISTORY  OF  ORGANIZATION  OF  INTERNA- 
TIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 


By  BOUTWELL  DUNLAP 

RECXtRDING  SECRETARY   CALIFORNIA   OKNEAIXIGICAL  SOCIETY 


Being  named  to  give  a  history  of  the  organization  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Genealogj^  that  its  record  may  not  be  incom- 
plete, the  writer  proposed  in  the  summer  of  1912  to  the  Hon.  Jam.es 

A.  Barr,  Director  of  Congresses  of  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition,  that  invitations  be  extended  by  the  Exposition  to  all 
genealogical,  historical,  family  and  eugenic  societies  and  organiza- 
tions to  hold  their  general  and  annual  meetings  at  about  the  same 
time  at  the  Exposition  and  that  they  name  delegates  for  a  general 
congress  to  m.eet  at  the  same  time  to  consider  subjects  of  related 
interest.  Mr.  Barr  expressed  his  approval  of  the  plan,  but  thought 
that  additional  results  would  be  secured  if  his  department  should 
have  the  co-operation  of  the  California  Genealogical  Society,  where- 
upon Mr.  Barr  was  invited  to  address  the  Society  on  October  5, 
1915.  However,  it  is  particularly  to  Mr.  Barr  and  his  department 
at  the  Exposition  and  to  the  California  Genealogical  Society, 
through  its  members  and  committee,  that  the  credit  for  organizing 
and  making  effective  the  plan  is  entirely  due. 

After  Mr.  Barr's  address,  invitations  were  extended  jointly  by 
the  President  and  Directors  of  the  Exposition  and  President  Henry 

B.  Phillips  of  the  California  Genealogical  Society,  upon  behalf  of 
the  Society,  to  various  genealogical  and  historical  societies  to  hold 
their  meetings  in  San  Francisco.  A  few  weeks  later,  on  December 
7,  1912,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  writer  had  emphasized  the 
biological  aspects  of  genealogy,  he  "was  given,"  say  the  minutes 
of  the  Society,  ' '  full  power  to  invite  any  eugenic  society  to  meet  in 
conjunction  with  the  genealogical,  historical  and  family  associations 
at  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  and  to  work  in  con- 
junction with  Doctor  David  Starr  Jordan  to  bring  the  International 
Eugenics  Congress  to  San  Francisco  during  the  Exposition." 

Invitations  to  organizations  by  this  time  had  aroused  much  in- 
terest both  among  their  members  and  in  the  press.  Eventually 
about  twenty-five  of  such  organizations  held  their  meetings  in  San 
Francisco  at  some  period  during  the  Exposition.  At  the  same  time 
these  invitations  were  being  issued,  a  large  number  of  letters  to 
persons  and  organizations  asking  for  suggestions  as  to  the  proposed 
congress  were  sent  out. 


4        INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Upon  April  5,  1913,  the  Society  resolved  that  President  Phillips 
appoint  a  "Committee  upon  the  Organization  of  an  International 
Congress  of  Genealogy  and  Eugenics."  President  Phillips  named 
the  following  members  of  the  Society  upon  this  Committee:  Orra 
E.  Monnette,  chairman,  James  A.  Barr,  Boutwell  Dunlap,  Mrs. 
Lydia  Lucelia  Gillogly,  Henry  B.  Phillips,  Miss  Carlie  Inez  Tom- 
linson,  secretary. 

In  order  not  to  conflict  with  eugenic  organizations  and  eugenics, 
the  Committee  finally  decided  that  the  name  of  the  Congress  be 
restricted  to  the  International  Congress  of  Genealogy  and  that  such 
a  Congress  be  held.  However,  its  date  was  so  arranged  that  the 
Congress  was  to  meet  during  the  week  beginning  Monday,  July  26, 
1915,  succeeding  the  week  in  which  the  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation met  and  preceding  the  week  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Genetic  Association  and  the  Second  International  Con- 
ference on  Race  Betterment — all  at  the  Exposition. 

The  Committee  decided  that  at  the  Congress  official  delegates 
1)6  limited  to  two  from  each  society,  association  or  organization  with 
one  hundred  members  or  less,  with  an  additional  delegate  for  each 
one  hundred  members  or  fraction  thereof.  Invitations  to  name  such 
delegates  to  the  Congress  were  thereupon  issued  by  President  Henry 
B.  Phillips  upon  behalf  of  the  Society  and  its  Committee. 

The  Committee  announced  by  circular  distributed  to  all  nations, 
again  inviting  suggestions  that  the  tentative  subjects  for  discussion 
by  the  Congress,  would  be  :  "  (a)  The  relation  between  genealogical 
investigations  and  eugenics;  (b)  The  establishment  of  a  National 
Bureau  of  Heraldry  in  the  Ignited  States,  to  become  a  recognized 
and  accepted  authority;  (c)  The  establishment  of  a  bureau  wherein 
genealogists  of  standing  shall  be  permitted  to  register  so  that  a 
certain  stamp  of  official  approval  may  be  placed  upon  their  work; 
(d)  Action  looking  to  a  uniform  publication  of  the  historical  and 
vital  records  of  various  counties  and  States  now  unpublished,  ajod 
the  establishment  of  a  National  Bureau  of  Vital  Records  as  part  of 
Governmental  records  at  Washington,  similar  to  the  records  in  the 
General  Register  Office,  Somerset  House,  London,  England." 

The  names  of  three  hundred  and  ten  societies  and  over  two  thou- 
sand specialists  or  individuals  peculiarly  interested  in  the  subjects 
of  the  Congress  were  collected  and  corresponded  with  throughout 
the  world.  This  correspondence  has  been  preserved  in  the  archives 
of  the  Exposition  and  contains  much  valuable  suggestive  material 
for  use  by  the  International  Genealogical  Federation. 

Never  has  the  preliminary  correspondence  for  the  organization 
of  the  first  meeting  of  a  congress  been  more  thoroughly  covered. 
Thousands  of  letters  were  sent  and  received.     The  writer  cannot 


MRS.    LYDIA    LUCELIA    GIULOGLY 


HISTORY     OP     ORGANIZATION  5 

allow  the  occasion  to  puss  without  expressing  the  indebtedness  of  all 
to  the  lion.  James  A.  Barr  and  his  Bureau  of  the  Exposition  for 
this  result.  Had  not  the  war  intervened — as  is  shown  by  the  letters 
of  those  organizations  and  individuals  who  expressed  themselves 
before  its  outbreak  as  intending  to  bo  represented  by  delegates  or 
in  person,  but  who  after  its  beginning  gave  notice  of  their  inability 
to  attend — both  foreign  and  domestic  representation  would  have 
been  much  larger  than  it  was. 


r^^^^^ 


SUMMARY     OF     PROCEEDINGS 


SECTION  II 


mm 


INTERNATIONAL     CONGRESS     OF     GSNEIALOGY 


S«BHA^¥  OF  PMOOIIBiH@S 

INTEENATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY. 

^ 

SESSIONS  AND  OFFICERS 

The  Congress  met  at  San  Francisco  on  July  28,  1915.  Sessions 
were  held  during  four  days:  July  28,  29,  30  and  31. 

Mr.  Orra  E.  Monnette  acted  as  Temporary  Chairman  pending 
the  formation  of  a  regular  organization ;  the  Congress  organized  by 
electing  the  following  officers : 

President,  Mr.  Frank  Hervey  Pettingell. 

Secretary,  Mr.  Clarence  Edward  Heald. 

Assistant  Secretary,  Miss  C.  I.  Tomliuson. 

Such  committees  as  were  required  to  handle  the  affairs  of  the 
Congress  were  appointed  from  time  to  time.  A  list  of  all  Com- 
mittees is  given  on  a  later  page. 

ORGANIZATIONS   REPRESENTED 
The  following  organizations  were  represented  by  delegates: 

1.  National  Society,  Americans  of  Roj^al  Descent. 

2.  The  Society  for  the  Preservation  of  New  England  An- 
tiquities, Inc. 

3.  College  of  Arms  &  Seigneurial  Court  of  Canada. 

4.  The  Edward  Bangs  Descendants. 


FRANK      HERVeV    P  E  T  T  I  N  G  E  L  I- 


SUMMARY     OF     PROCEEDINGS  9 

5.  The  Bates  Association. 

6.  Descendants  of  James  Burton  of  Dent,  Yorkshire,  England. 

7.  California  Genealogical  Society. 

8.  Child  Family  Association. 

9.  The  Doane  Family  Association  of  America. 

10.  The  Donegal  Society  of  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

11.  Emery  F  mily  Association. 

12.  Order     "  the  Founders  and  Patriots  of  America. 

13.  New  Jfcxsey  Society  of  the  Order  of  the  Founders  and 
Patriots  of  America. 

14.  Frost  Family  Association  of  America. 

15.  Society  of  Genealogists  of  London. 

16.  The  National  Genealogical  Society. 

17.  Goodwin  Family  Association. 

18.  New  England  Historic  Genealogical  Society. 

19.  Society  of  the  Descendants  of  Pilgrim  John  Rowland  of 
the  Ship  Mayflower. 

20.  The  Huguenot  Society  of  America. 

21.  American  Irish  Historical  Society,  California  Chapter. 

22.  Imperial  University  of  Japan,  Tokyo. 

23.  The  Jewett  Family  of  America. 

24.  Kimball  Family  Association  of  California. 

25.  The  Lindsay  Family  Association  of  America,  Inc. 

26.  Maine  Genealogical  Society. 

27.  Society  of  IMayflower  Descendants  in  the  State  of  California. 

28.  Old  Plymouth  Colony  Descendants  Society. 

29.  Parker  Historical  and  Genealogical  Association. 

30.  Solomon  Peirce  Family  Association. 

31.  Pike  Family  Association. 

32.  National  Society  of  the  Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  Pilgrims. 

33.  Edmund  Rice  Descendants. 

34.  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  California  Society. 

35.  Sons  of  the  Revolution  (National  Society). 

36.  Society,  Sons  of  the  Revolution  in  the  State  of  California. 

37.  California  Society,  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution. 

38.  The  Robinson  Genealogical  Society. 

39.  The  Smalls  of  America. 

40.  Tower  Genealogical  Society. 

41.  The  Genealogical  Society  of  Utah. 

42.  The  Stone-Jones  Genealogical  Society. 

43.  The  Order  of  Washington. 


10       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

44.  National  Womans'  Relief  Society  (Genealogical  Extension 
Division). 

45.  Wilcox  and  Allied  Families. 

46.  Mitchell  Family  Association, 

In  addition  to  the  above  list  the  following  societies  recognized 
the  Congress  by  appointing  delegates.  Many  of  these  delegates, 
though  unable  to  be  present,  sent  messages  of  good  will: 

47.  Society  of  the  Descendants  of  Robert  Bartlet  of  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts. 

48.  Bicknell  Family  Association. 

49.  Nathaniel  Brewster  Family  Association. 

50.  The  Captain  Deliverance  Browne  Association. 

51.  Colonial  Daughters. 

52.  American  Society  of  Colonial  Families. 

53.  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  in  the  State  of  Connecticut. 

54.  Descendants  of  John  Folsom. 

55.  Western  Hampden  Historical  Society,  Inc. 

56.  Marshfield  Historical  Society. 

57.  The  Historical  Society  of  Montgomery  County,  Pa. 

58.  Historical  Society  of  New  Mexico. 

59.  The  Irvine  Society  of  America. 

60.  Louisiana  Historical  Society. 

61.  The  McDowell  Clan. 

62.  Missouri  Society,  Sons  of  the  Revolution. 

63.  The  Colonel  Daniel  Putnam  Association,  Inc. 

64.  The  Shedd  Family  Association. 

65.  Underhill  Society  of  America. 

66.  Worcester  Family  Association.  ^         i 


I  ■ 


SUMMARY     OF     PROCEEDINGS  11 


DELEGATES  PRESENT 

Following  is  the  list  of  delegates  present    (numbers  refer  to 
preceding  list  of  societies)  : 

Name.  Society. 

Mrs.  Inez  Knight  Allen (41) 

Lewis  Anderson  ('*-'-) 

Nephi  Anderson  (^1 ) 

Mark  Austin (^1) 

Mrs.  Gertrude  L.  Baerd (44) 

George  Anderson  Bangs  (4) 

Miss  Minerva  Leantine  Barker (42) 

Mrs.  Vincy  R.  Stone  Barker (42,  44) 

James  L.  Barr (  '^  ) 

Mrs.  Clara  M.  Bartholomew (42) 

Henry  L.  Bates (  ^  ) 

Louisa  B.  Benson  , (44) 

James  Blake  (41) 

Thomas  Edward  Bond (24) 

Mrs.  Anna  Borland  (^4) 

R.  L.  Bybee (^^^ 

Miss  Lillian  Cameron  (41) 

Annie  Wells  Cannon (44) 

Mrs.  Harriet  Dudley  Chapman (7) 

Unity  Chappel (^) 

Joseph  Christenson (41) 

Lucy  Clapper  (23) 

Mrs.  D.  H.  Coleord (  2  ) 

Mrs.  Nathan   Cole   (3^) 

Mrs.  Sarah  Pike  Conger (31) 


12      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Etta  Pearl  Dam  (30) 

Francis  Herbert  Dam (30) 

Miss  Edna  May  Davis (44) 

Jeremiah  Deasy  (21) 

Willis  Milnor  Dixon (13,  35,  58) 

Georcre  Howard  Robinson  Doane (  9  ) 

M-,.  Thomas  B.  Dozier (34) 

Jc    es  Duckworth  (41) 

Boutwell  Dunlap (  7  ) 

J.  M.  Eddy (28) 

Jane  Jennings  Eldredge (44) 

Miss  Jessie  F.  Emery (11,  18) 

Mrs.  S.  A.  Mitchell  Farr (46) 

Walter  H.  Faunce (28) 

Herbert  Folger  (27) 

Mrs.  Susanna  Pike  French (31,  34) 

Norman  S.  Frost (14,  33) 

Mrs.  Susa  Young  Gates (18,  41) 

Heber  J.  Grant (41) 

Lenora  T.  Harrington (44) 

Clarence  E.  Heald  (31) 

Aroetta  Hale  Holgate (44) 

Miss  Mabel  Hoyt (  4,  14) 

Mrs.  Janette  A.  Hyde (44) 

Miss  Annis  C.  Jewett (23) 

A.  E.  Jewett (23) 

E.  L.  Jewett (23) 

George  A.  Jewett  (23,  18) 

J.  M.  Jewett (23) 

Mrs.  Jessie  P.  Jones (41) 

Miss  Sarah  Louise  Kimball (17,  24,  27) 

Hilda  H.  H.  Larson (44) 

Anna  Jewett  LeFevre  (23) 

James  W.  Lesueur (41) 

Mrs.  C.  F.  Lewis (34) 

Edwin  B.  Lindsay  (25) 

Mrs.  Amy  B.  Lyman. (44) 

Annie  Lynch  (44) 

Mrs.  J.  C.  Lynch  (34) 

Mrs.  Walter  Damon  Mansfield (1,  15) 


SUMMARY     OF     PROCEEDINGS  13 

Oeorgina  G.  Marriott (44) 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  C.  :McCime (41,  44) 

Elizabeth  C.  McDonald  (44) 

Miss  Sarah  M.  McLillard (44) 

Frederick  A.  H.  F.  Mitchell (41,  46) 

Orra  Eugene  Monnette (3,  12,  13,  20,  36,  43) 

John  Tower  Morrison (40) 

N.  Murakami  (22) 

B.  M.  Newcomb  (2,  27) 

K.  C.  0 'Conner  (21) 

Miss  Susanne  R.  Patch (34) 

Mrs.  George  W.  Percy (26) 

T.  A.  Perkins (37) 

Frank  Hervey  Pettingell (2,  36,  18) 

Henry  Byron  Phillips (16,  32) 

Miss  Catherine  G.  Pike (31) 

Alvin  Plummer  (  7  ) 

Frank  T.  Pomeroy  (41) 

A.  P.  Renstrom (41 ) 

William  B.  Rice (33) 

Joseph  E.  Robinson (41 ) 

Frederick  Scholes  (41 ) 

Artemesia  Segmiller  (44) 

Joseph  F.  Smith  Jr (41) 

Mercy  R.  Stevens (44) 

Mrs.  Emily  W.  Stockdale (18) 

Mrs.  Carrie  S.  Thomas (44) 

Mrs.  Elisha  Tibbits  (10,  34) 

Mrs.  Lora  A.  Underbill  (39,  18) 

James  B.  Walkley (41) 

Miss  Miriam  K.  Wallis (20) 

Mrs.  Edmund  Cottle  Weeks (38) 

Mrs.  Emmeline  B.  Wells (44) 

Miss  Elizabeth  A.  Wilbur (19) 

Charles  G.  Finney  Wilcox (45) 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Wilcox  (44) 

Mrs.  B.  S.  Wilkins (34) 

Laura  N.  Williams (44) 

Lily  Wostcnholm  (44) 

Mrs.  Daniel  R.  Wood  (34) 


14  INTERNATIONAL     CONGRESS     OF     GENEALOGY 


PAPERS  PRESENTED 


The  following  papers  were  read : 

"Genealogical  Kecords  of  the  Maori  of  New  Zealand,"  by 
Elsdon  Best,  Wellington  Philosophical  Society,  Wellington, 
New  Zealand. 

"Genealogy  and  Family  Name  Origins  of  the  Chinese  Race," 
by  Kiang  Shao  Chuan  Kang-Hu. 

"Genealogy  of  the  Native  Hawaiians,"  by  Bruce  Cartwright  Jr., 
Ph.  B.,  of  Honolulu. 

.  "The  Relationship  Between  Genealogy  and  Eugenics,"  by  Paul 
Popenoe,  American  Genetic  Association,  Editor  of  "Journal 
of  Heredity." 

"The  Study  of  Genealogy  and  Its  Place  in  the  Affairs  of  Human 
Society,"  by  Charles  G.  Finney  Wilcox  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

"Genealogical  Research  Among  Descendants  of  Mayflower  Im- 
migrants," by  Herbert  Folger  of  the  Society  of  Mayflower  Descend- 
ants in  the  State  of  California. 

The  following  papers,  prepared  for  the  Congress,  were  ordered 
printed  with  the  other  proceedings  as  they  were  either  not  received 
in  time  or  for  some  other  reason  could  not  be  included  in  the  pro- 
gram as  presented : 

"The  House  Restored,"  by  Marian  Longfellow  of  The  Descend- 
ants of  Robert  Bartlet,  Esq.,  of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts, 
Inc. 

"Genealogical  Research  in  Denmark,"  by  Th.  Hauch-Fausboll, 
Dansk  Genealogisk  Institut,  Copenhagen. 

The  addresses  delivered  at  the  Commemorative  Session  at  Re- 
cital Hall,  Exposition  Grounds,  were : 

President's  Address,  by  Mr,  Frank  H.  Pettingell,  President 
of  the  Congress. 

Address  of  Welcome  and  Presentation  of  Medal  by  Mr.  Colvin 
B.  Brown  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Panama-Pacific 
International  Exposition. 

Response  and  Acceptance  of  IMedal  by  Mr.  Henry  B.  Phillips  of 
the  California  Genealogical  Society. 


CLARENCE      EDWARD      rHEA_D 


SUMMARY     OF     PROCEEDINGS  15 


INTERNATIONAL  FEDERATION 


Perhaps  the  most  important  action  of  the  Congress  was  that 
looking  to  the  perpetuation  of  its  activities  through  the  organiza- 
tion of  an  International  Genealogical  Federation,  the  objects  of 
which  will  be: 

a.  To  collect,  preserve  and  render  available  genealogical 

and  historical  records. 

b.  To  procure  legislation  establishing  adequate  systems  of 

collecting    and    maintaining    vital    statistics    and 
records. 

c.  To  secure  the  establishment  of  an  international  bureau 

for  the  registration  of  pedigrees,  coats-of-arms,  etc. 

It  is  proposed  that  such  Federation  include  the  following  classes 
of  membership : 

a.  Genealogical  organizations. 

b.  Historical  organizations. 

c.  Family  associations. 

d.  Individual  membership. 

The  details  of  the  actual  organization  of  this  Federation  are 
entrusted  to  the  following  Organization  Committee,  which  was 
given  full  power  to  act  on  behalf  of  the  Congress,  including  power 
to  add  to  the  membership  of  the  committee : 

Mr.  Henry  B.  Phillips,  delegate  from  the  National  Genealogical 
Society,  Chairman. 

Mr.  Orra  E.  Monnette,  delegate  from  the  Huguenot  Society  of 
America. 

Mr.  B.  M.  Newcomb,  delegate  from  the  Society  for  the  Preserva- 
tion of  New  England  Antiquities. 

Mr.  Clarence  E.  Heald,  delegate  from  the  Pike  Family  Associa- 
tion, Secretary  and  Custodian. 


16  INTERNATIONAL     CONGRESS     OF     GENEALOGY 


RESOLUTIONS 


A  resolution  was  passed  memorializing  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment to  the  following  effect : 

To  take  such  steps  as  may  be  necessary  to  establish  and 
maintain  a  National  Bureau  of  Registration  of  Vital 
Statistics,  either  by  enlarging  the  scope  of  the  Bureau  of 
the  Census  or  the  establishment  of  a  new  department. 

Such  Bureau  to  make  and  file  copies  of  all  authentic 
vital  statistics  now  on  record  in  the  various  counties  of  the 
entire  country. 

That  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  enact  laws  mak- 
ing compulsory  the  registration  of  adequate  vital  statistics 
throughout  the  country. 

A  committee  was  appointed  with  Dr.  Alvin  Plummer  of  San 
Francisco  at  its  head,  to  further  the  principles  expressed  in  the 
above  resolution. 

With  a  special  view  to  making  the  registration  of  voters  of  more 
value  to  the  searcher  of  genealogical  data,  the  following  resolution 
was  adopted: 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Congress  that  all 
Public  Record  blanks  be  so  changed  as  to  provide  actual 
date  and  place  of  birth,  marriage  and  death,  father's  name 
and  mother's  maiden  name  wherever  age  and  country  or 
state  is  now  required. 

The  following  resolution  was  passed,  exemplifying  the  atti- 
tude of  the  Congress  toward  the  use  of  genealogical  data  in 
working  out  the  problems  of  eugenics: 

Resolved,  That  one  of  the  objects  of  the  International 
Genealogical  Federation  shall  be  the  collection  and  pres- 
ervation of  genealogical  data  for  eugenic  purposes  and 
that  the  committee  of  organization  of  said  International 
Genealogical  Federation  is  hereby  instructed  to  provide 
for  the  collection  and  preservation  of  said  genealogical 
data  for  eugenic  purposes. 


SUMMARY     OF     PROCEEDINGS  17 


VOTES  OF  THANKS 


Duriug  the  sessions  of  the   Congress  the   following   Votes  of 
Thanks  were  passed  (given  in  chronological  order)  : 

To  Mr.  Kiang  Shao  Chuan  Kang-IIu  for  preparing,  and  Mr. 
Henry  H.  Phillips  for  rendering  into  English,  an  able  paper 
on  "Genealogj^  and  Family  Name  Origins  of  the  Chinese 
Race." 

To  the  California  Genealogical  Society  for  their  delightful  en- 
tertainment of  the  visiting  delegates  at  the  Fairmont  Hotel 
on  Thursday,  July  29,  1915. 

To  ^fr.  H.  B.  Phillips  and  his  able  co-workers  v/ho  have  prepared 
the  programs  and  arranged  the  sessions  of  this  Congress. 

To  ^Ir.  Frank  H.  Pettingell,  the  President,  and  ^Nlr.  Clarence  E. 
Heald,  the  very  efficient  Secretary  of  the  Congress  for  the 
able  and  courteous  manner  in  which  they  have  managed  the 
affairs  of  the  Congress. 

To  Miss  Sarah  Louise  Kimball,  one  of  the  foremost  genealo- 
gists of  the  Pacific  Coast,  for  her  distinguished  work  in 
preparing  the  way  for  this  Congress  and  aiding  in  the  success 
of  its  sessions. 

To  all  those  in  foreign  lands  who  had  conti'ibuted  papers,  with 
instrui!tions  to  the  Secretary  to  write  them  notifying  them 
of  this  action  and  expressing  our  appreciation. 

To  Professor  N.  Murakami  for  his  courteous  promise  to  con- 
tribute an  article  on  Genealogy  in  Japan  to  be  printed  with 
the  proceedings  of  the  Congress. 

FINANCIAL 

The  money  required  to  meet  current  expenses  of  the  Congress 
was  raised  by  means  of  an  assessment  of  $1.00  on  each  of  the 
societies  or  organizations  represented ;  thirty-four  out  of  the  forty- 
six  paid  this  on  the  day  the  assessment  was  announced. 


18  INTERNATIONAL     CONGRESS     OF     GENEALOGY 

LIST  OF  OFFICERS  AND  COMMITTEES 

The  officers  and  committees  of  the  Congress  were  as  follows  : 

OFFICERS. 

President — Mr.  Frank  Hervey  Fettingell  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Secretary — Mr.  Clarence  Edward  Heald  of  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Assistant  Secretary — Miss  Carlie  Inez  Tomlinson  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

COMMITTEES. 

On  Credentials — 

Clarence  E,  Heald,  Chairman. 
Miss  C.  I.  Tomlinson. 

0//  L'rogratu — 

Henry  B.  Phillips,  Chairman. 

B.  M.  Newcomb. 

Mrs.  Susa  Y.  Gates. 

Mrs.  Lora  A.  W.  Underhill. 

Miss  Jessie  F.  Emery. 

On  Ways  and  Means — 

Joseph  F.  Smith  Jr.,  Chairraai 

Willis  M.  Dixon. 

Norman  S.  Frost. 

Mrs.  Isaac  N.  Chapman. 

T.  Edward  Bond. 

On  Permanent  Organization — 

Orra  E.  Monnette,  Chairman. 

B.  M.  Newcomb. 

Joseph  F.  Smith  Jr. 

Mrs.  Lora  A.  W.  I'nderhiil. 

Mrs.  W.  D.  Mansfield. 

Mrs.  Susa  Y.  Gates. 

Mrs.  B.  S.  Wilkins. 

Mrs.  I.  N.  Chapman. 

T.  A.  Perkins. 

On  Estahlishment  of  a  National  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics — 
Dr.  Alvin  Plummer,  Chairman. 
Mrs.  Susa  Y.  Gates. 
Henry  B.  Phillips. 
Clarence  E.  Heald. 
Orra  E.  Monnette. 
T.  A.  Perkins. 
B.  H.  Newcomb. 


SLWniARY     OF     PKOCKEniNGS  IJ> 


ORGANIZATION  COMMITTEE  OF  INTERNATIONAL 
GENEALOGICAL  FEDERATION. 


HENRY  BYRON  PHILLIPS,  Chairman 
T>elegate  from  the  National  genealogical   Society. 


ORRA  EUGENE  MONNETTE 
Delegate  from  the  Huguenot  Society  of   America. 


BETHUEL  MERRITT   NEWCOMB 

Delegate  from  the  Society  for  the    Preservation    of 

New    England  Antiquities 


Its  Secretary  and  Custodian  is; 

CLARENCE  EDWARD  HEALD 
1215  Van  Ness  Avenue,  San  Francisco,    Cal.,    U.    S.  A. 


20       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

SAN  FRANCISCO  CIVIC  AUDITORIUM,  HALL  F. 


WEDNESDAY,   JULY  28,   1915,   10:30  A.   M. 


The  Congress  was  called  to  order  by  Mr.  Henry  Byron  Phillips, 
President  of  the  California  Genealogical  Society,  who  introduced 
Mr.  Orra  Eugene  Monnette  as  Temporary  Chairman. 

Mr.  Monnette  took  the  chair,  and  named  ]\Ir.  Clarence  E.  Heald, 
Temporary  Secretary,  and  Miss  C.  I.  Tomlinson,  Temporary  As- 
sistant Secretary. 

In  a  brief  and  appropriate  address  Mr.  Monnette  then  extended 
a  warm  greeting  to  all  the  delegates,  informing  them  that  no  hard 
and  fast  program  had  been  laid  down  for  their  proceedings,  but 
that  on  the  contrary  the  work  of  the  Congress  lay  entirely  in  their 
own  hands. 

A  motion  was  made  to  the  effect  that  the  temporary  organization 
be  made  permanent ;  Mr.  Monnette  declared  that  while  he  appre- 
ciated the  honor  conferred  upon  him,  it  would  be  impossible  for 
him  to  accept  the  Presidency  of  the  Congress  because  his  business 
engagements  would  permit  him  to  remain  in  the  city  but  two  of  the 
three  days  set  for  its  sessions. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  moved  that  Mr.  Frank  Hervey  Pettingell 
be  named  President.  The  motion  was  seconded  by  Mr.  Norman  S. 
Frost,  and  carried  unanimously. 

Mr.  Pettingell  took  the  chair  and  after  expressing  his  appre- 
ciation of  the  action  of  the  Congress  called  upon  Mr.  James  A. 
Barr,  Director  of  Congresses  of  the  Panama-Pacific  International 
Exposition,  for  a  few  remarks. 

Mr.  Barr  told  briefly  of  the  inception  and  growth  of  the  plans 
for  this  Congress,  stating  that  sixty  societies  had  notified  him  that 
they  had  named  delegates.  He  also  declared  this  to  be  the  first 
International  Congress  of  Genealogy  ever  held  in  America,  as  well 
as  the  first  genealogical  meeting  to  receive  recognition  from  an  in- 
ternational exposition  and  a  place  on  its  program.  Among  the  852 
bodies  meeting  here  during  the  Exposition  year  twenty-five  are 
genealogical  organizations.  On  behalf  of  the  Exposition  he  extended 
a  cordial  invitation  to  all  to  visit  and  study  the  World  University 
exemplified  by  the  Exposition  itself. 


ORRA     EUC^ENE      MONNETTE 


MINUTES     OF     SESSIONS  21 

"Hon.  Joseph  F.  Smith  Jr.  was  ihcn  introdneed  to  the  Congress. 
He  expressed  the  thanks  of  tlie  dele^ati'S  to  tlie  Oencaloj^ical 
Society  of  California  and  to  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Ex- 
position for  the  invitation  to  all  genealogical  societies  to  gather 
here  to  further  their  mutual  interests.  He  stated  that  one  impor- 
tant thing  to  be  considered  was  the  system  of  arranging  and  re- 
cording genealogical  data.  There  are  now  in  use  numy  systems  and 
classifications;  some  difficult  and  some  simple.  A  uniform  system 
would  be  a  great  advance  in  placing  genealogical  research  on  a 
better  basis.  Since  we  owe  to  our  ancestors  all  that  we  are,  there 
is  due  reason  why  we  should  honor  and  study  them  even  though 
occasionally  there  may  be  one  who  is  not  entirely  a  credit  to  the 
family. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  moved  that  :\rr.  C.  E.  Heald  be  named  Secre- 
tary of  the  Congress  and  Miss  C.  I.  Tomlinson  Assistant  Secretary. 
The  motion  was  seconded  by  I\Ir.  N.  S.  Frost  and  carried. 

The  President  announced  the  appointment  of  ]\Tr.  Heald  and 
i\liss  Tomlinson  as  Committee  on  Credentials. 

It  was  moved  by  ]Mr.  J.  M.  Eddy  that  the  list  of  delegates  pre- 
pared by  the  Director  of  Congresses  of  the  Exposition  be  tem- 
porarily accepted  as  official,  the  same  to  be  subject  to  proper  altera- 
tions and  additions  by  the  Credentials  Committee.  The  motion  was 
seconded  by  Mr.  Phillips  and  carried. 

The  Secretary  then  proceeded  to  call  the  roll  of  the  delegates. 
Those  present  received  appropriate  badges.  Of  the  sixty  societies 
on  the  official  list,  twenty-eight  were  represented  by  delegates 
present;  four  moi-e  societies  were  added  to  the  nuin1)er  tlirough 
delegates  recognized  by  the  Credentials  Committee,  and  one,  the 
National  Wonum's  Relief  Society  of  Utah,  by  vote  of  the  Congress 
upon  motion  of  Mrs.  Elisha  Tibbits,  seconded  by  Mr.  N.  S.  Frost. 
This  raised  the  total  number  of  societies  represented  by  delegates 
at  the  first  session  of  the  ('ongress  to  thirty-three. 

The  President  named  as  a  Program  Coiumittee : 
Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips,  Chairman. 
Mr,  B.  M.  Newcomb. 
!Mrs.  Susa  Y.  Gates. 
^Irs.  Lora  A.  W.  Cnderhill. 
]\[iss  Jessie  F.  Emery. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  the  meeting  adjourned  until  2 :30 
P.  M. 


At  the  first  session  of  the  Congress,  about  three  hundred  per- 
sons were  present,  a  number  of  them,  although  not  delegates,  being 
prominent  genealogists. 


22      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

AFTERNOON  SESSION,  JULY  28,  1915. 
2:30  P.  M. 


The  Congress  was  called  to  order  by  President  Pettingell. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  presented  a  report  from  the  Program  Com- 
mittee covering  the  schedule  of  meetings  and  the  papers  to  be 
presented.  Sessions  are  regularly  to  be  held  at  10  :00  A.  M.  and 
2:30  P.  M. 

The  President  announced  a  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  as 
follows : 

Hon.  Joseph  F.  Smith  Jr.,  Chairman. 

Mr.  Willis  Milnor  Dixon. 

Mr.  Norman  S.  Frost. 

Mrs.  Isaac  N.  Chapman. 

Mr.  T.  Edward  Bond. 

A  paper  on  "Genealogy  and  Family  Name  Origins  of  the 
Chinese  Race"  was  read  by  Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips.  This  paper  was 
originally  written  in  Chinese  characters  by  Mr.  Kiang  Shao  Chuan 
Kang-Hu  and  the  translation  made  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Phillips. 
This  paper  was  very  impressive  for  its  concise  and  able  presentation 
of  its  big  subject,  covering  the  essential  facts  very  completely. 

It  was  moved  that  we  extend  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  author, 
and  that  i\Ir.  Phillips  be  authorized  to  communicate  to  him  our 
appreciation.  This  motion  was  amended  to  also  express  our  thanks 
to  Mr,  Phillips  for  transcribing  and  reading  this  paper.  The 
amendment  being  acceptable  to  the  maker  of  the  motion  was  incor- 
porated therewith,  and  the  motion  as  amended  was  seconded  and 
carried. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  the  meeting  adjourned  until  10:00 
A.  M.,  July  29,  the  members  proceeding  to  the  Grove  street  entrance 
of  the  Auditorium,  where  a  group  photograph  was  taken. 


MORNING  SESSION,  JULY  29,  1915. 


The  Congress  was  called  to  order  by  President  Pettingell  at 
10 :30  A.  M. 

A  report  from  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  was  pre- 
sented by  its  chairman,  Hon.  Joseph  F.  Smith  Jr.  The  committee 
recommended  that  the  immediate  expenses  of  the  Congress  b<! 
provided  for  by  assessing  each  organization  represented  the  sum 
of  one  dollar.    It  was  also  recommended  that  the  papers  and  pro- 


]\nNUTES     OF     SESSIONS  23 

ceedings  of  this  Congress  be  printed,  a  number  of  the  Utah  Geneal- 
ogical and  Historical  Magazine  having  been  offered  for  the  purpose 
without  cost  to  the  Congress. 

Upon  motion  by  Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  duly  seconded  it  was  voted 
that  this  report  be  accepted. 

A  paper  by  Mr.  Elsdon  Best  of  the  Wellington  Philosophical 
Society  of  "Wellington,  New  Zealand,  on  "The  Genealogical  Records 
of  the  Maoris  of  Nevr  Zealand"  was  read  by  the  Secretary.  In 
this  paper  the  Maori  system  of  preserving  orally  the  complete 
genealogical  records  of  the  race  was  clearly  explained. 

The  next  paper  presented  was  that  of  ]\Ir.  Bruce  Cartwright  Jr., 
on  "The  Genealogy  of  the  Native  Hawaiian  Races."  This  paper, 
read  by  ]\Ir.  H.  B.  Phillips,  outlined  the  system  in  use  for  many 
centuries  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

The  President  appointed  a  Committee  on  Permanent  Organiza- 
tion consisting  of  the  following : 

Mr.  Orra  E.  Monnette,  Chairman. 
Mr.  B.  M.  Newcomb. 
Mr.  Joseph  F.  Smith  Jr. 
Mrs.  Susa  Y.  Gates. 
Mrs.  Lora  A.  W.  Underbill. 
Mrs.  W.  D.  ^Mansfield. 
Mr.  T.  A.  Perkins. 
Mrs.  I.  N.  Chapman. 
i\[rs.  B.  S.  Wilkins. 

Dr.  Alvin  Plummer  moved  that  the  following  resolution  be 
adopted : 

Reaolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Congress  that  all 
public  record  blanks  be  so  changed  as  to  provide  actual 
date  and  place  of  birth,  marriage  and  death  wherever  age 
and  country  or  state  is  now  required. 

This  motion  was  seconded  by  Mrs.  L.  L.  Gillogly. 

The  discussion  of  the  motion  developed  the  fact  that  in  present- 
ing this  resolution  Dr.  Plummer  had  in  mind  particularly  the 
blanks  employed  for  the  registr;iticn  of  voters. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  it  vras  voted  that  this  resolution 
be  amended  to  provide  that  parentage  (father's  name  and  mother's 
maiden  name)  be  also  shown. 

The  resolution  as  amended  was  then  put  to  a  vote  and  carried. 
It  now  stands  as  follows: 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Congress  that  all 
Public  Record  blanks  be  so  changed  as  to  provide  actual 
date  and  place  of  birth,  marriage  and  death,  father's  name 
and  mother's  maiden  name  wherever  age  and  country  or 
state  is  now  required. 


24       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

An  extended  discussion  then  took  place  on  the  qrostion  of  a 
permanent  organization,  the  sentiment  of  the  Congress  finally 
being  crystallized  in  the  form  of  a  motion  that  the  Committee  on 
Permanent  Organization  outline  the  general  principles  of  such  an 
organization,  but  that  final  and  definite  steps  such  as  the  prepara- 
tion of  Constitution  and  By-Laws  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  suit- 
able permanent  committees  empowered  to  carry  on  the  work  after 
the  sessions  of  the  present  Congress  are  over. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  the  meeting  adjourned  until  2:30' 
P.  M. 


CJ3 
AFTERNOON  SESSION,  JULY  29,  1915. 


The  Congress  was  called  to  order  at  2 :30  P.  M.  by  President 
Pettingell. 

Mr.  0.  E.  jMonnette  as  Chairman  presented  the  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Permanent  Organization  as  follows: 

Your  commxittee  on  the  organization  of  a  permanent 
society  of  genealogy  in  the  United  States  beg  leave  to  re- 
port by  recommending: 

1.  That  there  shall  be  established  an  association  or 
federation  of  genealogy  to  be  either  American  or  inter- 
national in  its  scope  as  shall  be  determined  by  a  vote  of 
this  Congress,  the  name  to  include  the  word  '  *  Federation. ' ' 

2.  That  the  scope  of  the  work  of  this  proposed  Feder- 
ation shall  include: 

a.  Preservation  and  publication  of  historical  and 
genealogical  records. 

b.  Procurement  of  legislation  to  establish  systems 
of  collecting  and  maintaining  vital  statistics  and  rec- 
ords, both  national  and  local. 

c.  Establishment  of  a  national  or  international 
bureau  of  heraldry  for  the  registration  of  pedigrees, 
coats-of-arms,  etc. 

3.  That  this  Congress  appoint  an  Organization  Com- 
mittee of  three,  with  poAver  to  add  to  its  membership,  to 
continue  in  office  after  the  adjournment  of  this  Congress, 
and  whose  duties  shall  be  to  form  a  Constitution  and 
By-Laws  for  the  proposed  Federation,  determine  its  de- 
partments and  all  details  of  its  establishment,  the  action 
of  said  committee  to  be  final.    Said  committee  shall  also  be 


MRS.     LORA    A.     WOODBURY     UNOERHILL 


MINUTES     OF     SESSIONS  25 

entrusted  with  the  papers,  records  and  other  data  of  this 
Congress  and  shall  attend  to  the  printing  of  tlie  proceed- 
ings and  all  other  matters  relating  to  this  Congress  which 
may  be  left  incomplete  at  the  time  of  its  adjournment. 

4.  That  this  Congress  recommend  to  said  Organization 
Committee  that  the  following  classes  of  membership  be 
constituted : 

a.  Genealogical  societies  or  organizations. 

b.  Historical  societies  or  organizations. 

c.  Family  associations. 

d.  Individual  membership, 

5.  That  this  Congress  recommend  to  said  Committee 
that  the  representation  in  membership  in  the  Federation 
shall  be  based  upon  organizations  and  not  per  capita,  each 
being  allotted  the  same  numerical  representation.  Indi- 
viduals shall  not  have  the  right  to  vote  as  such,  but  shall 
have  the  privilege  of  the  fioor  and  participation  in  all  dis- 
cussions and  deliberations. 

It  was  moved  by  Dr.  Alvin  Plummer  that  this  organization  be 
perpetuated  under  the  name  "International  Congress  of  Geneal- 
ogy." This  motion  was  seconded  by  ]Mrs.  L.  L.  Gillogly  and  after 
discussion  was  lost,  the  count  of  ayes  and  noes  being  taken  by  aid 
of  a  rising  vote. 

It  was  moved  by  i\Irs.  Elislia  Tibbits  that  the  name  of  this 
society  be  "International  Genealogical  Federation."  This  motion 
was  seconded  by  Mr.  ]\Ionnette  and  carried. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  the  report  of  the  Committee  on 
Permanent  Organization  was  adopted. 

]\Irs.  L.  L.  Gillogly  moved  that  the  President  of  this  Congress 
appoint  the  permanent  Organization  Committee  provided  by  the 
plan  just  adopted;  seconded  by  Mrs.  Elisha  Tibbits  and  carried. 

The  President  appointed  as  members  of  this  Committee: 

H.  B.  Phillips,  delegate  from  National   Genealogical   Society, 
Chairman. 

0.  E.  ]\lonnette,  delegate  from  Huguenot  Society  of  America. 

B.  ]\[.  Newcomb,  delegate  from  Society  for  the  Preservation  of 
New  England  Antiquities. 

'Mr.  0.  E.  IMonnette  at  the  request  of  the  President  told  the 
Congress  something  of  the  joint  library  established  in  Los  Angeles 
by  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  and  the  Society,  Sons  of  the  Revo- 
lution, stating  that  any  donations  of  appropriate  documents  or 
publications  Avould  be  gratefully  received  by  ]\lr.  Willis  ^I.  Dixon, 
1200  Arapahoe  Street,  Los  Angeles,  the  librarian. 


I 


26      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

In  response  to  a  request  from  Rev.  Henry  L.  Bates,  the  Secre-  J 
tary  gave  the  names  of  the  societies  whose  representatives  had  ' 
already  paid  him  the  amount  of  the  assessment  made  by  the  Con- 
gress at  its  morning  session  of  even  date. 

The  subject  of  Genealogical  Charts  was  then  introduced  by  Mr. 
H.  B.  Phillips,  who  presented  a  number  of  charts  for  the  inspection 
of  the  Congress,  also  explaining  the  objects  sought  in  their  various 
methods  of  arrangement. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  the  meeting  was  adjourned  until 
10 :00  A.  M.,  July  30,  1915. 

MORNING  SESSION,  JULY  30,  1915. 


The  Congress  was  called  to  order  by  President  Pettingell  at 
10:30  A.  M. 

Dr.  Paul  Popenoe  of  the  American  Genetic  Association  of 
Washington,  D.  C.,  and  editor  of  the  "Journal  of  Heredity,"  read 
his  paper  on  ' '  The  Relationship  Between  Genealogy  and  Eugenics. ' ' 

Hon.  Boutwell  Dunlap  stated  that  on  hearing  that  Dr.  Paul 
Popenoe  was  accessible  for  an  address,  he  was  pleased  to  ask  to 
withdraw  his  name  on  the  program  for  a  paper  on  the  relation  of 
eugenics  to  genealogy  in  favor  of  Dr.  Popenoe.  In  proposing  the 
International  Congress  of  Genealogy,  Mr.  Dunlap  had  hoped  that 
one  of  its  results  might  be  the  permission  of  genealogists  to  eugen- 
ists  to  use  accumulated  materials  of  the  former ;  until  this  was  done 
there  could  not  be  much  progress  in  "the  breeding  of  the  human 
race."    He  therefore  proposed  the  following  resolution: 

Resolved,  That  one  of  the  objects  of  the  International 
Genealogical  Federation  shall  be  the  collection  and  pres- 
ervation of  genealogical  data  for  eugenic  purposes  and  that 
the  committee  of  organization  of  said  International  Gene- 
alogical Federation  is  hereby  instructed  to  provide  for  the 
collection  and  preservation  of  said  genealogical  data  for 
eugenic  purposes. 

The  motion  was  seconded  by  Mrs.  S.  Y.  Gates  and  after  dis- 
cussion w^as  unanimously  carried. 

Dr.  Alvin  Plummer  moved  the  adoption  of  the  following 
resolution : 

Whereas,  From  the  foundation  or  discovery  of  this 
country  to  the  present  time  there  has  been  no  systematic 
effort  toward  the  establishment  of  a  complete  registration 
of  vital  statistics:  and 


I 


MINUTES     OF     SESSIONS  27 

Whereas,  The  many  different  departments  of  the  United 
States  Government  itself  need  such  a  compilation ;  and 

Whereas,  The  nucleus  of  such  an  institution  is  now  in 
existence  in  the  Bureau  of  the  Census;  and 

Whereas,  Such  a  system  can  only  be  properly  inaugu- 
rated and  conducted  by  the  government,  which  can  make 
compliance  with  its  requirements  compulsory;  and 

Whereas,  The  government  can  manage  the  details  of 
such  an  undertaking  more  cheaply  and  more  completely 
than  can  any  other  element;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  w^e,  the  International  Congress  of  Gene- 
alogy, in  meeting  assembled,  hereby  memorialize  the  United 
States  Government  to  take  such  steps  as  may  be  necessary 
to  establish  and  maintain  a  National  Bureau  of  Registra- 
tion of  Vital  Statistics,  either  by  an  enlargement  of  the 
scope  of  the  present  Bureau  of  the  Census  or  the  establish- 
ment of  a  new  department;  and  be  it 

Resolved,  That  copies  of  all  authentic  vital  statistics 
now  on  record  in  the  various  counties  of  this  entire 
country  be  made  and  filed  in  accordance  with  up-to-date 
methods  now  in  vogue ;  and  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  further  laws  be  enacted  by  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States  to  make  such  registration  here- 
after compulsory ;  and  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  the  component  parts  of  this  Congress 
of  Genealogy  be  and  are  hereby  requested  to  use  every 
personal  and  collective  influence  to  accomplish  this  much 
to  be  desired  result. 

The  motion  to  adopt  the  above  resolution  was  duly  seconded 
and  carried. 

It  was  moved  by  Dr.  Alvin  Plummer  that  a  committee  be 
appointed  by  the  President  for  the  furtherance  of  the  principles 
expressed  in  the  resolution  introduced  by  himself  and  just  adopted 
by  the  Congress.    The  motion  was  seconded  and  carried. 

The  President  announced  the  appointment  of  such  a  Committee 
for  the  furtherance  of  a  National  Bureau  of  Registration  of  Vital 
Statistics  consisting  of  the  following : 

Dr.  Alvin  Plummer,  Chairman. 

Mrs.  S.  Y.  Yates. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips. 

Mr.  Clarence  E.  Heald. 

Mr.  B.  M.  Newcomb. 

Mr.  Orra  E.  Monnette. 

Mr.  T.  A.  Perkins. 


28      IXTERNATIOXAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Mrs.  L.  A.  Underhill  moved  that  the  thanks  of  the  delegates  be 
extended  to  the  California  Genealogical  Society  for  their  delightful 
entertainment  of  the  visiting  delegates  at  the  reception  given  in  the 
ball  room  of  the  Fairmont  Hotel  last  evening.  The  motion  vas 
seconded  and  carried  by  a  rising  vote. 

It  was  announced  by  ]Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  as  Chairman  of  the 
Program  Committee  that  Mr.  R.  C.  O 'Conner's  paper  on  "Irish 
Pedigrees"  has  not  yet  been  completed,  but  upon  its  completion 
it  viall  be  filed  with  the  Secretary  to  be  included  in  the  records  of 
the  Congress. 

Mr.  Herbert  Folger,  Historian  of  the  Society  of  ^Mayflovrer  De- 
scendants in  the  State  of  California  then  spoke  brieliy  on  ''The 
Descendants  of  the  Mayflower  Emigrants." 

In  the  course  of  his  remarks  ]Mr.  Folger  spoke  of  the  complete- 
ness of  the  genealogical  records  kept  by  the  Friends,  and  especially 
their  marriage  registrations,  stating  that  although  often  difficult 
of  access  such  records  were  of  exceptional  value.  At  the  conclusion 
of  his  talk  ilrs.  "W.  D.  ^lansfield  stated  that  her  connections  gave 
her  unusual  opportunities  in  this  regard,  and  that  she  would  be 
very  glad  to  correspond  with  anyone  who  would  like  to  reach  the 
Friends'  records,  either  in  this  country  or  in  England;  while  many 
of  the  "meetings"  are  closed  she  knows  where  the  records  are  kept 
and  how  to  gain  access  to  them. 

Upon  motion  duly  seconded  the  Congress  adjourned  until  2:30 
P.  M. 


^ 


AFTERNOON  SESSION,  JULY  80,  lOl.'S. 
2:30  P.  M. 


The  Congress  v;as  called  to  order  by  President  Pettingell. 

Mi,  Charleii  G.  Finney  Wilcox  read  his  paper  on  "The  Study  of 
Genealogy  and  its  Place  in  the  Affairs  of  Human  Society." 

On  behalf  of  the  Organization  Committee  of  the  International 
Genealogical  Federation  Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  stated  that  "The  Com- 
mittee desires  that  each  organization  re})resented  at  this  Congress 
select  one  of  its  members  as  the  representative  with  whom  the  Secre- 
tary of  this  Committee  shall  communicate  on  all  matters  appertain- 
ing to  the  ^formation  of  the  Federation.  While  ordinarily  the 
secretary  of  a  body  is  supposed  to  be  the  proper  person  to  com- 
municate with,  in  this  case  it  is  desired  that  the  best  person  to 
represent  his  organization  be  selected.    The  Organization  Connuittee 


o       .^^     \ 


lETHUEl.     MERRITT     NEWCOMB 


MINUTES     OF     SESSIONS  29 

has  selected  as  its  Secretary  and  Custodian  ]Mr.  Clarence  Edward 
Heald  of  1215  Van  Ness  Avenue,  San  Francisco;  all  delegates 
present  are  requested  to  note  that  name  and  address.  When  you 
return  to  your  homes  and  have  your  next  meeting  in  your  local 
societies  please  take  this  matter  up  with  them  and  at  as  early  a 
date  as  possi])le  communicate  with  ]\Ir,  Ileald  in  connection  with 
the  permanent  organization  of  the  Federation." 

"This  Federation  as  a  matter  of  course  will  require  a  seal.  That 
seal  should  have  a  design  appropriate  to  the  nature  of  the  organ- 
ization, and  I  wouhl  ask  every  person  here  present  who  is  able  to 
do  so  to  make  a  design  or  suggest  a  design  with  an  appropriate 
motto.  From  among  these  designs  I  presume  we  shall  be  able  to 
select  something  of  unusual  merit." 

Mrs.  S.  Y.  Gates  suggested  that  undoubtedly  every  one  present 
would  like  to  join  in  an  expression  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  H.  B. 
Phillips  and  his  able  co-workers  who  have  prepared  the  programs 
and  arranged  the  sessions  of  this  Congress.  To  bear  testimony  to 
this  feeling,  and  to  register  a  sentiment  that  all  who  hear  of  this 
meeting  should  know  of  the  splendid  work  of  Mr.  Phillips  and  his 
associates  she  felt  that  all  might  join,  not  in  a  vote  of  thanks  but 
also  in  an  expression  of  gratitude  in  the  form  of  a  Chautauqua 
salute.  This  thought  met  with  a  spontaneous  response  throughout 
the  hall,  and  the  salute  was  heartily  given  on  the  instant. 

Mr.  Phillips  responded  with  a  few  words  of  appreciation,  saying 
that  indeed  he  hardly  felt  that  he  himself  had  done  anything  to 
deserve  appreciation  and  that  the  success  that  has  attended  the 
meetings  was  largely  due  to  the  willingness  of  all  to  help  when 
shown  what  they  might  do,  and  to  a  judicious  selection  of  people 
of  ability  to  undertake  the  responsibility  of  getting  things  done. 

Dr.  Alvin  Plummer  suggested  that  w'ith  the  approaching  end  of 
this  afternoon's  session  it  might  not  be  well  to  adjourn  sine  die, 
so  that  we  may  not  be  a  dead  organization  when  we  meet  at  the 
Exposition  grounds  tomorrow  at  the  invitation  of  their  President 
and  Directors  to  receive  the  bronze  medal  they  have  signified  their 
intention  of  presenting.  Further  he  stated  that  he  would  like  to 
see  the  name  of  this  organization  perpetuated. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Dixon  moved  that  a  vote  of  thanks  be  given  to  the 
President  and  to  the  very  efficient  Secretary  for  the  able  and 
courteous  manner  in  which  they  have  managed  the  affairs  of  the 
Congress.    The  motion  was  seconded  and  carried. 

The  President,  Mr.  F.  H.  Pettingell,  responded  to  the  vote  of 
thanks  in  a  few  appropriate  words,  declaring  that  he  felt  it  an 
unusual  privilege  to  preside  over  the  meetings ;  and  he  congratu- 
lated the  Congress  on  having  availed  itself  of  the  services  of  Mr. 
C.  E.  Heald,  who  had  displayed  a  rare  ability  in  handling  the 
duties  of  Secretary. 


30       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Mrs.  S.  Y.  Gates  moved  that  a  vote  of  thanks  be  extended  to 
Miss  Sarah  Louise  Kimball,  one  of  the  foremost  genealogists  of 
the  Pacific  Coast,  for  her  distinguished  work  in  preparing  the  way 
for  this  Congress  and  aiding  in  the  success  of  its  sessions.  The 
motion  was  seconded  and  carried. 

Miss  Jessie  F.  Emery  declared  that  among  the  factors  in  making 
our  sessions  a  source  of  enjoyment  the  beautiful  roses  on  the  Presi- 
dent's table  had  played  an  important  part,  and  while  votes  of 
thanks  were  in  order  she  would  like  to  move  such  a  vote  to  their 
donor.  Mr.  B.  M.  Newcomb  had  to  plead  guilty  to  providing  the 
roses,  products  of  his  famous  rose  garden  at  Berkeley. 

It  was  suggested  by  Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  that  letters  be  sent 
to  those  in  foreign  lands  who  had  contributed  papers,  expressing 
the  appreciation  of  this  Congress  in  the  form  of  a  vote  of  thanks. 
The  President  instructed  the  Secretary  to  see  that  this  was  done. 

On  behalf  of  the  Program  Committee  Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  an- 
nounced that  tomorrow  had  been  designated  by  the  Exposition 
as  "International  Congress  of  Genealogy  Day"  and  that  the  follow- 
ing afternoon  the  delegates  would  assemble  within  the  Exposition  at 
Eecital  Hall.  There  the  President  of  the  Exposition  or  his  repre- 
sentative would  present  to  this  Congress  a  medal  commemorative  of 
the  occasion.  These  formalities  take  place  in  the  case  of  every 
Congress  which  has  been  held  here,  and  in  our  case  will  be  held 
in  Recital  Hall  at  2 :30  P.  M.,  July  31,  1915. 

On  motion  duly  seconded  the  Congress  adjourned  to  meet  at 
Recital  Hall  at  the  appointed  time. 


-^- 


COMMEMORATIVE     SESSION 
JULY  31,  1915. 


The  Congress  met  in  Tiecital  Hall  within  the  grounds  of  the 
Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition,  at  the  invitation  of  the 
Exposition's  President  and  Directors. 

The  Congress  was  called  to  order  at  2:30  P.  M.  by  President 
Pettingell,  who  in  a  few  appropriate  words  introduced  Mr.  Colvin 
B.  Brown. 

Mr,  Brown  addressed  the  Congress  on  behalf  of  the  President 
and  Directors  of  the  Exposition,  expressing  a  grateful  welcome 
and  best  wishes,  and  presenting  to  the  Congress  an  appropriate 
memorial  in  the  form  of  a  bronze  medal  commemorative  of  the 
occasion.  - 


MINUTES     OF     SESSIONS  31 

On  beliair  of  the  Congress  ]\Ir.  Henry  B.  Phillips  responded  to 
Mr.  Brown's  address  and  accepted  the  medal.  His  remarks  were 
thoughtfully  responsive  to  the  theme  of  the  day. 

Dr.  Alviu  Plummer  then  told  the  Congress  that  he  still  felt 
the  sting  of  yesterday's  defeat  and  was  still  strongly  of  the  opinion 
that  any  permanent  body  formed  to  carry  on  the  work  begun  by 
this  Congress  should  bear  the  name  International  Congress  of 
Genealogy.  Yet  in  view  of  the  position  he  took  in  the  former  dis- 
cussion he  did  not  think  it  good  taste  for  him  to  make  a  motion 
to  rescind  the  action  taken  when  it  was  voted  to  adopt  the  name 
International  Genealogical  Federation.  While  many  of  the  mem- 
bers who  took  part  in  the  deliberations  of  yesterday  had  left  the 
city  and  many  more  were  not  present,  yet  he  believed  the  matter 
of  such  importance  as  to  warrant  the  rescinding  of  yesterday's 
action. 

Mr.  N.  S.  Frost  moved  that  the  motion  in  question  be  rescinded ; 
his  motion  was  seconded  by  Mrs.  Gillogly. 

A  brief  discussion  ensued ;  when  asked  for  a  ruling  as  to  whether 
the  motion  was  in  order  the  President  stated  that  it  was,  but  that 
he  felt  it  his  duty  to  caution  the  Congress  against  any  action  in  the 
nature  of  eleventh-hour  legislation,  especially  when  only  a  part  of 
the  membership  of  the  Congress  was  present.  The  most  of  the 
speakers  took  the  same  view,  basing  their  objections  to  the  motion 
on  questions  of  expediency  and  propriety  rather  than  on  the  merits 
of  the  names  in  question.  On  being  put  to  a  vote  the  motion  was 
lost,  a  rising  vote  being  taken  to  verify  the  decision  of  the  President 
to  that  effect. 

Professor  N.  ^Murakami  of  the  Imperial  School  of  Languages. 
Tokyo,  Japan,  was  then  introduced  to  the  Congress,  He  spoke  a 
few  words  appropriate  to  the  day.  While  he  had  not  come  pre- 
pared to  make  a  lengthy  address,  he  said  that  at  the  request  of  Mr, 
Phillips,  Chairman  of  the  Program  Committee,  he  would  try  to  write 
a  short  article  on  "Genealogy  In  Japan"  to  be  printed  at  the  time 
of  the  publication  of  the  proceedings  of  this  Congress. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Phillips  moved  that  a  vote  of  thanks  be  extended  to 
Mr.  Murakami  and  that  the  Secretary  be  instructed  to  furnish  him 
a  copy  of  the  same.     The  motion  was  seconded  and  carried. 

By  motion  duly  seconded  the  Congress  adjourned  sine  die. 


Respectfully  submitted. 


CLARENCE  EDWARD  HEALD. 

Secretary 


SECTION  III 


PAPiRS  Amm  ikmmmmBsmm 


GENEALOGY     OF     THE     CHINESE  33 


OKNKAI.OGY       AND      FAMII.Y     NAMK     ORI- 
OIXS     OF     TIIK      CHINESE      RACE. 


By  H.IANG  SHAO   CHUAN  RANG-HU 

OF  THE  17NIVBRSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 
TRA.NSCBII1BD   BT   BS><RY    BYRON    PHILLIPS 


Note. — In  the  spelling  of  the  proper  names  occurring  in  this  paper,  the  letters 
B,  D,  Q,  V,  X  and  Z  are  not  used.     The  apostrophe  is  used  with  Ch,  K,  P  and  T 
to  Indicate  a  harder  or  more  strongly  aspirated  sound,   as  follows : 
Ch  is  pronounced  jih  P      is  pronounced  b 

Ch"  is  pronounced  gh  P'     is  pronounced  p 

K     Is  pronounc:ed  g  T      is  pronounced  d 

K'    is  pronounced  k  T'     is  pronounced  t 

To   the   Officers  and  Members   of   the  International   Congress   of 

Genealogy. 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen  : 

Having  been  honored  by  an  invitation  from  your  Committee 
of  Organization  to  represent  the  ancient  country  of  China  by 
some  remarks  appropriate  to  this  occasion,  I  take  pleasure  in  out- 
lining something  of  tlie  methods  whereby  family  names  have  been 
created  and  used  in  the  Empire  of  China  beginning  about  2,800 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  and  the  system  whereby  those  names 
have  been  preserved,  the  successive  generations  tabulated,  and 
reverence  for  our  ancestors  transmitted  through  all  these  ages;  in 
short,  something  of  the  genealogy  of  our  people. 

Genealogy  among  the  ancient  Chinese  is  a  study  interwined 
with  the  whole  of  their  social  life,  and  an  element  in  their  law  of 
property,  similar  to  the  conditions  existing  in  ancient  Wales,  where 
every  family  was  represented  by  its  Elder;  and  these  Elders  from 
every  family  or  elan  were  delegated  to  the  National  Council. 

Since  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Fu-Hi,  or  Fushi  (B.  C.  2852 
years),  all  Chinese  were  required  to  have  a  family,  or  surname; 
the  purpose  being  to  distinguish  the  families  and  regulate  the  mar- 
riage relation.  This  emperor  decreed  there  should  be  no  marriages 
between  persons  of  the  same  family  name. 

From  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Fushi  until  the  Chou  dynasty 
(B.  C.  1122  years),  two  clasvses  of  family  names  were  in  use,  the 
first  called  Shih,  being  an  hereditary  title  given  by  and  held  at 
the  pleasure  of  the  emperor,  king  or  lord.  This  class  of  name  was 
used  by  men  only.  The  other  class  was  called  Shing,  to  designate 
the  old  custom  of  giving  a  name  at  birth;  this  second  class  was 
used  by  both  men  and  women.  The  lower  classes  not  dignified  as 
families  were  called  IMiug. 


34      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

After  the  time  of  the  Chou  dynasty  the  classes  Shih  and  Shing 
were  all  called  Shing,  and  the  very  wonderful  thing  is  that,  when 
we  address  a  woman  and  do  not  know  her  name,  we  say  "Shing 
what  a  Shih"  as  a  title. 

There  are  in  evidence  not  less  than  eighteen  sources  from  which 
these  family  names  are  derived.  They  may  be  briefly  enumerated 
with  examples. 

1.  Adopting  a  dynasty  designation,  as  Tang,  Yu,  Shia,  etc. 

2.  Taking  the  name  of  a  feudal  territory  or  division,  such  as 
Kiang,  Whang,  Chin,  Gin,  etc. 

3.  Using  the  name  of  a  political  district  similar  to  the  county 
subdivision  in  a  State  of  the  United  States,  such  as  Hong,  Chei, 
Fan,  Lin,  etc. 

4.  From  the  name  of  a  town,  such  as  Yin,  Su,  Mou,  Shan,  etc. 

5.  From  rural  hamlets,  called  Shiang,  such  as  Pai,  Lu,  Pang, 
Yen,  etc. 

6.  From  cross  roads  or  way  stations,  called  T'ing,  such  as 
Mi,  Tsai,  Owyang,  etc. 

7.  From  suburbs  of  direction,  north,  east,  west,  etc.,  such  as 
Tong-Shiang,  Hsi-]\Ien,  Nang-Yeh,  Pei-Kuo,  etc. 

8.  Adopting  the  "Ming"  (name)  of  some  historical  personage 
of  the  empire,  as  for  example  Fu,  Yii,  Tang,  Chin,  etc. 

9.  The  use  of  a  man's  "social  name,"  called  Tsu,  hereinafter 
mentioned,  for  a  family  name,  such  as  K'ung,  Fang,  Kung,  Tong; 
all  formerly  social  names. 

10.  A  custom  called  "Ts'u,"  that  is,  adopting  appellatives 
applied  to  relatives,  as  old  brother,  young  sister,  etc.  Exampled  by 
Miing,  i.  e.,  first  brother;  Chi,  i.  e.,  last  brother;  Tsu,  i.  e.,  grand- 
father; Mi,  i.  e.,  grandfather-in-law, 

11.  From  names  of  tribes  and  clans,  called  Tsu.  Such  as  Ching, 
Tso,  So,  Chang. 

12.  From  names  of  officials,  called  Kuan,  i.  e.,  officer.  Such  as 
Shih,  a  historian;  Chi,  a  librarian;  K'ou,  a  policeman;  Shuai,  a 
general;  Ssu-Tu,  a  civic  official. 

13.  From  "Chueh,"  i.  e.,  titles.  As  Whang  (emperor)  ;  Wang 
(king)  ;  Ba  (grand  duke)  ;  Hou  (duke). 

14.  From  occupations,  called  "Chi";  exampled  by  Wu,  i.  e.,  a 
magician;  Tu,  i.  e.,  a  butcher;  Tau,  i.  e.,  a  potter;  Chiang,  i.  e.,  a 
builder,  etc. 

15.  Names  of  objects,  called  "Shih"  names.  As  for  example, 
Chii,  a  carriage ;  Kuan,  a  hat ;  Pu,  grass ;  Fu,  a  flower. 

16.  Adoption  of  the  appellatives  given  to  rulers  after  their 
death.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  observed  that  the  custom 
prevails  that  the  real  names  of  rulers  shall  never  be  used  after  their 
death,  and  to  each  one  is  assigned  a  descriptive  name  to  be  there- 
after used  on  all  occasions  when  they  shall  be  referred  to.  These 
"post  mortem"  names  are  designated  "Shih"  names,  and  as  exam- 


GENEALOGY     OF     THE     CHINESE  35 

•pies  are  given :     Wen,  i.  e.,  The  Good ;  Wu,  i.  e.,  The  Military 
Leader;  Chuang,  i.  e.,  the  Polite  One;  I\Iin,  i.  e.,  the  Kindly  One. 

17.  Adding  a  diminutive  to  tiie  parent  name,  a  custom  called 
**Shi."  Exampledby:  Wong-Tsu,  i.  e.,  king's  son;  Kung-Sun,  i.  e., 
grandson  of  a  duke ;  Yuan-Po,  i.  e.,  first  son  of  Yuan ;  Shen-Shu,  i.  e., 
third  son  of  Shen. 

18.  Names  of  contempt,  derision  and  opprobrium,  applied  to  an 
evil  doer  by  the  ruler,  called  "  e  "  names.  Such  as,  Fu,  i.  e.,  poison 
snake;  Mang,  i.  e.,  rebel;  Ching,  i.  e.,  branded  felon;  Shiao,  i.  e.,  an 
owl.  With  the  Chinese  the  owl  is  considered  a  bird  of  evil  omen, 
one  that  will  eat  his  own  parents. 

From  the  above  illustrations  it  will  be  known  that  the  Chinese 
family  names  have  been  derived  in  many  different  ways,  and  you 
will  have  observed  that  the  same  name  has  more  than  one  origin. 

As  for  example  the  names  of  the  Ho,  Lin,  Pao,  and  Kuo  families 
have  each  three  different  origins. 

The  Wang  and  Kao  families  draw  from  four  different  sources. 
The  Liou,  Yuan,  may  be  derived  from  any  of  five  different  sources, 
while  the  Yang  and  Lu  family  names  may  be  referred  to  as  many 
as  six  separate  beginnings. 

On  the  other  hand  you  will  have  observed  that  in  a  few  in- 
stances we  have  a  different  name  from  the  same  origin.  For 
example,  the  family  names  of  Ching  and  Li  are  from  the  same 
source,  as  are  also  the  Yuin  and  Yang  families. 

The  rule  in  Chinese  writing  is  that  family  names  shall  consist 
of  one  character  only ;  this  rule,  like  most  rules  has  various  excep- 
tions which  I  shall  here  briefly  endeavor  to  point  out.  The  two 
character  surnames  are  called  "Fu  Shing"  names.  When  Emperor 
Fushi  promulgated  his  decree  that  family  names  must  be  used 
almost  all  families  adopted  a  single  character  or  syllable  name;  as 
time  went  on,  however,  hyphenated  or  double  character  names 
became  more  numerous,  many  being  introduced  by  persons  from 
foreign  nations,  l)ut  in-  recent  years  the  custom  of  having  a  multi- 
character name  has  been  very  largely  discontinued.  Foreigners 
entering  the  country  adopt  two  methods  in  selecting  their  Chinese 
family  names,  either  they  use  characters  not  before  used  for  family 
names,  or  adopt  an  existing  family  name. 

Before  the  time  of  the  Sung  dynasty  (A.  D.  960),  foreigners 
were  designated  either  "Tai  Pei"  or  "Kwan  Hsi."  The  former 
meaning  those  from  the  northern  regions,  and  the  latter  those  from 
the  west.  The  Empire  at  that  time  being  bounded  on  the  east  and 
south  by  the  salt  seas,  no  record  is  known  of  strangers  coming  from 
these  directions.  They  were  further  divided  into  divisions  accord- 
ing to  their  racial  characteristics  and  may  broadly  be  assigned  as 
follows : 

First,  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  country  called  Miao;  the 
Chi 'Tan,  Tartars;  Hsung  Nu.  Hungarians;  Shen  Pei,  Koreans; 
T'o  Chiieh,  Turks;  Huei  Ho,  Mahometans;  Slia  To,  Persians;  T'u 


36       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Fan.  Thibetans,  and  the  Ch'ih,  Chieh  and  Ch'iang  that  cannot  be 
definitely  assigned.  This  gives  a  group  of  names  of  foreign  deriva- 
tion. 

After  the  Sung  Dynasty  came  the  Lao,  a  northern  race,  for- 
merly Chi  Tan;  the  Chin,  or  early  inhabitants  of  Manchuria; 
the  Yuan,  or  Mongolians ;  the  Hsi  Hsia,  or  Westerners,  also  several 
tribes  called  Tang,  Shiang,  etc.,  adding  more  family  names  of 
foreign  derivation,  as  all  the  races  and  tribes  from  time  to  time 
entered  the  territory  of  China  and  conquered  portions  of  it  and 
settled  upon  themselves  and  their  descendants  the  class  of  above 
described  names. 

After  the  I\Iing  Dynasty  came  the  Manchu  or  Ching  Dynasty 
(A.  D.  1627).  These  Manchu  tribes  were  divided  into  eight 
"Flags"  or  sections,  each  section  or  Flag  having  names  identical 
with  surnames  of  men,  these  Flag  surnames  being  called  "Chi' 
Shing"  or  Flag  Surnames.  When  these  names  were  translated  to 
Chinese  characters,  they  Avere  very  long,  and  all  the  characters  were 
finally  dropped  but  the  first  only,  and  this  first  character  or  given 
name,  is  now  used  for  their  family  name.  This  explains  why  the 
common  people  who  do  not  know  this  say  father  and  son  have 
different  family  names,  which  is  said  by  them  in  ignorance  of  the 
true  reason. 

Some  of  the  more  celebrated  foreigners  who  took  family  names 
in  the  Empire,  of  China  may  be  mentioned, 

Marco  Polo,  who  took  the  name  of  Ma,  and  during  the  Ming 
Dynasty  (beginning  A.  D.  1355),  and  later  these  foreigners,  all 
from  the  West  and  of  Aryan  descent : 

Matteo  Ricci,  called  Li  Ma  Tou,  took  the  family  name  Li; 
Jacobus  Panto,ia,  called  Pang  Ti  Wo,  took  the  family  name  Pang; 
Sebastian  de  Vries,  called  Hsung  San  Pa.  took  the  family  name 
Hsung;  Nicolaus  Lombardi,  called  Lung  Wha  Min,  took  the  family 
name  Lung;  John  Adam  Schaal,  called  Tang  Juo  Wang,  took  the 
family  name  Tang ;  Ferdinand  Verliest,  called  Nan  Huai  Jen,  took 
the  family  name  Nan ;  Jules  Aloui,  called  Si  Ju  Lue,  took  the  family 
name  Si,  in  all  cases  dropping  all  but  one  character.  Thus  it  will 
.  be  observed  that  by  reason  of  these  contracted  forms  many  foreign 
names  that  have  been  introduced  into  the  Chinese  family  system 
have  become  obscured  and  their  origin  lost  to  sight. 

There  have  been  many  changes  of  the  family  name  during  the 
centuries  covering  a  period  of  nearly  5000  years  since  the  system 
was  first  inaugurated,  for  various  reasons.  I  may  specify  a  dozen 
or  more  of  the  more  important  of  them,  with  illustrations. 

The  first  and  most  important  is  that  of  Imperial  Edict  for 
cause,  either  for  merit  or  demerit,  as  well  as  honorary  names 
bestowed  upon  distinguished  foreigners  as  a  mark  of  respect  or 
honor.  The  name  of  merit  bestowed  upon  statesmen  or  councillors 
being  the  name  of  the  ruler  who  gave  it,  as  in  the  Han  Dynasty,  the 
ruler,  Liu,  gave  his  name  for  a  family  name ;  in  the  Tang  Dynasty, 


GENEALOGY     OF     THE     CHINESE  37 

the  ruler,  Li,  gave  his  name  to  a  family  as  a  reward  of  merit,  and 
in  the  ]\Iing  Dynasty,  the  ruler,  Chu,  did  likewise.  In  the  ease 
of  distinguished  foreigners,  the  ruler  bestowed  a  compound  name; 
that  of  himself  coupled  with  their  own  name  as  interpreted  in 
Chinese. 

The  name  of  demerit  was  used  in  changing  the  names  of  crim- 
inals and  rulers  of  conquered  kingdoms  or  countries;  as  in  the 
Han  Dynasty,  by  Imperial  Decree,  the  name  "Ying"  was  changed 
to  "Ching,"  the  latter  meaning  a  branded  criminal.  The  name 
of  a  conquered  ruler,  "Sun,"  was  thus  changed  to  "Li,"  meaning 
a  bad  devil. 

A  second  reason  for  change  is  that  no  one  is  allowed  to  speak 
OP  write  the  given  name  of  the  ruler  for  the  time  being ;  should  a 
family  bear  the  same  name  as  the  given  name  of  him  who  has 
become  the  ruler  over  them,  then  the  family  name  must  be  changed. 
As  for  example,  Chi  changed  to  Shi,  having  nearly  the  same  sound. 

Chuang  changed  to  Yen,  same  meaning  but  different  character. 

Shih  changed  to  Shai,  characters  very  alike  but  meaning  dif- 
ferent. 

A  third  reason  for  change  is  stated  to  be  to  escape  from  an 
enemy;  just  what  this  ostrich-like  proceeding  of  covering  the  head 
and  leaving  the  body  exposed  was  to  accomplish  does  not  now 
appear,  but  it  was  attempted  something  in  the  following  manner, 
as  Tuan-Mu  changed  to  ^lu  by  dropping  the  first  character,  Wu 
changed  to  Wu,  the  second  "wu"  represented  by  a  different  char- 
acter. Niu  changed  to  Lao,  both  characters  having  the  same 
meaning. 

A  fourth  reason  was  to  simplify  the  construction  of  the  char- 
acter, or  as  Europeans  would  say,  to  simplify  the  spelling  of  the 
word,  as  Wau  to  a  second  form  of  Wau  of  simpler  strokes,  and  the 
same  of  the  characters  "Shin,"  "Sui,"  "Chang,"  etc.,  this  feature 
being  hard  to  translate,  but  may  be  paralleled  in  the  English  tongue 
by  reducing  the  word  Roxborough  to  Roxboro  and  the  like. 

Another  reason,  also  to  simplify  the  word  was  by  changing 
Lu-Pu  to  Lu,  or  from  two  characters  to  one  character ;  Chung-Li  to 
Chung  by  dropping  the  second  character,  and  Ssu-Kow  to  Kow  by 
dropping  the  first  character. 

Again  a  change  is  made  by  adding  an  additional  character  or 
characters  for  the  purpose  of  showing  lines  of  descent,  as  for 
example : 

Chi  changed  to  Chi-Sun,  the  latter  meaning  the  grandson  of  Chi. 
Ko  changed  to  Chu-Ko,  a  designation  taken  by  all  sons  of  Ko,  except 
the  first  son  only,  who  carries  the  original  family  name  of  Ko. 

Other  reasons  of  change  are  errors  or  mistakes  in  the  form  of 
characters  or  sounds;  concrete  examples  of  these  changes  may 
hardly  be  translated. 

Certain  changes  have  been  made  by  foreigners  in  the  Chinese 


38  INTERNATIONAL     CONGRESS     OF     GENEALOGY 

equivalents  of  their  own  native  names,  as  has  been  alluded  to  above, 
some  further  examples  may  here  be  recorded,  as : 

Tapa,  Ho-Ku,  to  Yuan ;  Shi  Yun  Yu  Lien  to  Yun ;  Tu  Ku  Hun 
to  Tu;  Po  To  Lo  to  Pan;  Shi  Lou  to  Kao,  the  first  (Shi  Lou) 
meaning  in  Chinese  characters,  "this  is  a  story  of  a  building,"  the 
second  (Kao)  meaning  "high." 

Yet  another  change  is  brought  about  when  a  child  is  adopted 
from  another  family  or  ' '  clan ' ' ;  the  child  assumes  the  family  name 
of  the  person  adopting  him.  This  rule  is  modified  in  the  case  where 
sons  of  sisters,  daughters  or  female  relatives  are  adopted;  then  the 
son's  family  name  becomes  a  compound  one,  combining  his  own 
family  name  with  that  of  the  person  who  adopted  him,  as  for 
example:  Chang-Lo,  when  a  son  of  the  Lo  family  went  to  the 
Chang  family,  and  Hsii-Teng,  Avhen  a  son  of  the  Teng  family  went 
to  the  Hsii  family. 

Another  reason  for  a  change  is  dissatisfaction  with  the  family- 
name,  by  reason  of  its  meaning,  or  otherwise,  as  for  example :  Ai 
changed  to  Chung;  "Ai"  meaning  melancholy  while  "Chung" 
means  heart,  the  characters  being  very  much  alike. 

Names  have  been  changed  for  purposes  of  deception,  a  notable 
instance  of  this  when  one  Liu  Chih  Yuan  took  the  name  of  a  ruler, 
Liu,  and  one  Shih  Ching  Tang  took  the  name  of  a  ruler,  Shih,  for 
the  purpose  of  rebellion  and  an  endeavor  to  conquer  the  country. 
In  this  they  succeeded  and  divided  the  country  between  themselves. 
It  may  be  remarked  that  moral  delinquency  does  not  permanently 
prosper,  and  their  conquest  was  not  a  lasting  one. 

There  were  also  certain  compound  family  names  originated 
during  the  Han  Dynasty  (beginning  B.  C.  201)  ;  at  that  time  the 
Empire  was  divided  into  ninety  districts  or  "Chiin"  and  in  many 
cases  the  name  of  the  "Chiin,"  or  district,  was  added  to  the  family 
name  of  the  principal  families  residing  therein. 

Genealogical  Bibliography. 

The  treatises  on  Genealogy  and  Family  History  of  the  Chinese 
are  very  many  and  important  works;  the  more  important  are  not, 
however,  of  the  "popular"  kind,  being  only  known  to  specialists 
or  the  higher  and  more  advanced  in  literature.  Some  of  the  more 
notable  are : 

First — and  the  oldest  v.'ork  that  has  been  preserved,  called  "Shih 
Pun,"  or  "Book  of  Origins,"  in  two  volumes,  composed  by  Liu 
Shiang,  covering  a  period  of  about  2000  years  previous  to  the  Han 
Dynasty  (201  B.  C.)  ;  not  all  of  this  has  been  preserved. 

Another  is  the  "Shin  Yuan"  or  "Surname  Symposium,"  in 
ten  volumes,  written  by  Ho  Ch'eng  T'ien,  during  the  Tang  Dynasty. 
Another  entitled  "Yuan  Ho  Shing  Tsuan,"  or  a  "Collection  of 
Family  Names,"  in  eleven  volumes,  compiled  by  Lin  Pau  in  the 
year  Yuan  Ho,  also  of  the  time  of  the  Tang  Dynasty. 


GENEALOGY     OF     THE     CHINESE  39 

The  most  stupendous  work  of  this  character  is,  however,  the 
^'Wan  Sliin  T'ung  P'u,"  or  the  "Stem  Charts  of  10,000  Families," 
m  150  volumes,  the  work  of  Lin  Ti  (.'hih,  of  the  r\Iing  Dynasty. 

Besides  these,  there  is  the  "Shing  Shih  Chi  Chiu  Pien,"  or  the 
book  of  "Family  Names  in  Rhyme,"  in  which  the  names  of  families 
are  introduced  and  arranged  in  poetical  form.  This  is  the  work  of 
Wang  Ying  Ling  of  the  Sung  Dynasty  (960-1279  A.  D.) 

And  last  but  not  least  in  merit  is  an  encyclopedia  called  "Shu 
"Wen  Shien  T'ung  K'au,"  in  which  are  to  be  found  listed  about  3038 
single  or  one-character  family  names,  and  about  1619  two,  or  more, 
character  family  names.  Of  the  4657  names  therein  appearing, 
perhaps  not  more  than  10  per  cent  now  survive. 

In  addition  to  the  above  noble  records  of  antiquity  of  the 
Chinese  people,  there  may  be  mentioned  two  common,  or  as  may  be 
said  in  the  modern  English  vernacular,  "Popular"  works  on 
genealogy  and  famil}^  names.  One  is  entitled  the  "Pai  Chia  Shing," 
the  book  of  "Simple  Rhyming  100  Family  Names";  its  author  is 
unknown  but  it  v.-as  written  during  the  Sung  Dynasty  (960-1279 
A.  D.)  The  other  is  the  "Shang  Yen  Lu,"  or  "Biography  of 
Famous  ]\Ien,"  by  Liau  Yung  Shien  of  the  Ming  Dynasty. 

I  might  say  at  this  point  that  many  obscure  families  desiring  to 
appear  to  have  sprung  from  one  of  the  family  lines  that  may  be 
found  in  any  of  tlie  above  works,  have  discarded  their  own  family 
name  and  adopted  one  found  in  the  record,  making  it  sometimes 
difficult  nov\'  in  this  twentieth  century  to  trace  truthfully  some 
present  day  families.  In  this  respect,  however,  families  of  other 
countries  are  alike  guilty. 

System  of  Family  Associatioxs. 

Besides  the  genealogical  works  named  above,  every  family  has 
its  own  genealogical  record,  or  "Generation  Book,"  giving  the 
origin  of  the  family,  its  collateral  lines,  names  and  ages  of  the 
females,  registers  of  marriages,  births  and  deaths,  also  including  a 
business  history  of  the  men.  This  book  is  called  the  "Chia  Pu,"  or 
"Family  Table  Book,"  and  every  thirty  to  fifty  years  it  is  con- 
tinued down  to  date  and  a  new  copy  made. 

An  organization,  or  Board  of  Editors,  is  maintained  to  write, 
edit  and  preserve  this  important  family  record.  Such  organization 
is  called  the  "Tsu  Tang,"  or  "Hall  for  Worship  of  Ancestors." 
This  is  maintained  by  aid  of  funds  assessed  and  collected  from  all 
members  of  the  family  or  clan.  The  Board  elects  one  of  their  num- 
ber chairman,  who  must  have  three  particular  qualifications;  he 
must  be  of  old  age,  he  must  be  of  the  oldest  living  generation,  and 
he  must  be  of  good  character.  This  office  at  the  head  of  the  family 
or  clan  is  of  life  tenure.  Another  member  seated  in  the  Board  by 
virtue  of  birth  is  the  oldest  son  of  direct  descent  of  the  family 
or  clan. 


40       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

When  the  time  arrives  to  edit  and  bring  this  "Family  Table 
Book,"  or  genealog3%  down  to  date,  the  chairman  gives  notice  to 
all  members  of  the  family  or  clan,  and  to  all  sub,  or  inferior  asso- 
ciations within  the  clan,  of  the  time  and  place  of  such  contemplated 
action,  every  branch  or  sub  association  must  then  send  representa- 
tives to  assist  in  the  work. 

If  a  group  or  branch  have  removed  to  another  part  of  the  king- 
dom, they  can  demand  to  be  allowed  to  withdraw  from  the  general 
association,  and  are  permitted  to  form  a  new  association  of  their 
own,  or  they  may  join  another  organization  already  in  existence  in 
their  neighborhood,  provided  they  be  of  the  same  family  name. 

Other  functions  of  the  "Tsu  Tang"  than  that  of  preserving  the 
history  and  genealogy  of  the  family  are :  three  times  each  year  to 
worship  and  do  reverence  (a  Lodge  of  Sorrow),  to  their  ancestors 
within  the  hall  or  place  of  meeting.  To  .judge  and  settle  disputes 
arising  in  the  family  and  between  its  members,  which  the  Board 
must  pass  upon  before  going  to  the  Magistrate  or  public  Court  of 
Justice.  To  have  charge  of  marriage  and  funeral  ceremonies  of  its 
members.  To  establish  scholarships  and  bestow  prizes  for  superior 
scholarship  on  their  young  men.  To  aid  and  assist  the  orphans,  the 
poor  and  distressed.  In  eSvSentials  this  may  be  considered  an 
ideal  communistic  society.  There  have  arisen  in  the  United  States, 
and  in  particular  in  California,  certain  organizations  (copying 
their  forms  from  these  beneficiary  societies),  called  "Tongs"  or 
' '  Fighting  Men  Societies. ' '  These  ' '  Tongs ' '  are  largely  composed  of 
Cantonese  and  men  of  Southern  China,  and  must  not  be  confounded 
with  the  "Tsu  Tang"  or  family  associations, 

Marks,  Signatures  and  Rubrics. 

In  the  ancient  times  each  Chinese  family  had  a  special  "mark" 
or  rubric;  during  the  Tang  Dynasty  this  custom  was  much  in  evi- 
dence, there  being  but  very  few  who  were  obliged  to  use  an  "X." 
This  custom  still  prevails  among  the  Japanese,  and  is  there  called 
"Wen"  which  is  the  equivalent  to  a  "Coat  of  Arms,"  or  rubric. 
Since  the  Yuan  Dynasty,  the  Chinese  people  prefer  to  sign  their 
own  names,  but  in  peculiar  forms,  each  family  in  a  different  way: 
this  practice  is  called  "Yuan  Ya,"  meaning  Yuan  Dynasty  sign. 

At  first  each  paper  or  document  requiring  a  signature  was  signed 
by  hand  manual,  but  afterward  the  use  of  engraved  copper  seals 
became  common.  At  the  present  time  literary  people  continue  to 
use  the  seals,  but  the  common  people  do  not  now  use  them. 

The  Family  Name  Poem. 

Every  Chinese  rightfully  has  three  names :  The  first,  called 
"Shing,"  is  the  family,  or  elan  name.  The  second,  called  "Pai- 
Ming,"  is  the  "Generation"  name,  and  the  third,  called  "Shih- 
Ming,"  is  the  given  name.     The  use  of  the  first  and  third  are  ob- 


GENEALOGY     OF     THE     CHINESE  41 

vious,  but  the  use  of  the  .second  or  generation  name  is  peculiar  to 
the  Chinese  system  adopted  a))Out  the  time  of  the  beginning  of  the 
Han  Dj-nasty  (201  B.  C.)  The  Pai-]\Iing  or  generation  name  is 
used  to  indicate  the  numbvr  of  the  generations  from  the  beginning  of 
the  pedigree,  as  given  in  the  records  of  the  family  association,  to 
the  person  having  the  certain  name,  which  is  determined  before- 
hand in  the  manner  following: 

Each  branch  or  sub-family  of  the  general  faTiiily  association  held 
a  convention  previous  to  entering  the  general  association  and  com- 
posed and  adopted  a  peculiar  form  of  poem,  or  quatrain,  consisting 
of  either  twenty  or  thirty  characters,  something  easy  to  remember. 
This  poem  is  constructed  with  much  skill,  it  must  be  composed  only 
of  single,  or  simple,  cliaracters;  the  meaning  expressed  in  choice 
phrase;  the  sounds  to  liarmonize,  all  must  be  balanced  in  class  and 
different  in  tones,  and  the  tenth  and  twentieth  and  thirtieth  must 
rhyme  as  the  stanza  is  of  two,  four  or  six  lines.  At  the  beginning  of 
a  new  cycle,  when  the  poem  for  a  family  generation  guide  name  is 
to  be  adopted,  it  is  then  a  subject  of  competition  and  grave  delibera- 
tion, which  insures  a  production  of  great  literary  excellence,  accord- 
ing to  the  governing  rules. 

The  application  is  that  the  first  generation  shall  all  bear  for  a 
middle  or  "Pai-i\Iing"  name  the  first  character  or  word  of  this 
generation  poem,  all  of  the  second  generation  shall  have  for  a 
middle  name  (a  very  few  exceptions  will  be  pointed  out  later),  the 
second  character  or  word  of  this  generation  poem,  and  so  on. 

This  system  makes  the  identification  of  the  person  by  his  names 
a  simple  matter.  The  first  or  Shing  (family  name),  tells  to  what 
famih^  or  clan  the  person  belongs.  The  second  or  Pai-.Ming  (gen- 
eration name),  indicates  the  number  of  generations  in  des(;ent  from 
the  original  stem,  and  at  once  declares  that  all  those  who  bear  it  are 
cousins,  even  though  many  degrees  removed:  hence  it  is  that  the 
expressions  so  commonly  heard  from  English-speaking  (^hinese, 
"he  my  cousin,"  "he  my  uncle"  are  explained:  because  while  they 
may  be  entire  strangers,  yet  the  name  at  once  proclaims  the  rela- 
tionship. 

As  an  example  of  this  system  T  ti-ust  T  may  be  pardoned  for 
presenting  the  ])oem  for  my  own  family  name,  that  of  the 

Famu.y  Kiang. 

Yuan  T'in  Chin  I  You 
Chih  Jib  Ch'i  Fung  Ch'eng, 
Hung  T'u  Shao  Sliih  Tse 
P'i  Shien  Clieng  Chia  S;iieng. 

These  twenty  characters  or  words  provide  the  middle  or  Pai- 
ring names  foi-  twenty  generations.  The  translation  is  not  easy; 
the  following  is  an  attempt,  whicli  is  rather  a  paraplirase,  in  an 
endeavor  to  preserve  the  meaning: 


42       IXTERXATIOXAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

"The  ncble  men  now  in  future  coming,  ^ 

"Will  generation  after  generation  improve; 
Perpetuating  the  virtues  of  their  ancestors, 
Adding  luster  to  the  family  name." 

A  literal  translation  of  the  characters  is  also  added  in  order 
that  "he  who  runs  may  read"  and  may  perchance  very  much 
improve  my  attempt : 

Yuan — meaning  chief,  high  class  man,  head  man, 

T'in — meaning  statesman, 

^'hin — m(,'aning  from  uovn-,  hereafter, 

I — meaning  one,  at  once, 

You — meaning  to  have,  to  come,  to  produce. 

Chill — meaning  then,   when. 

Jih — meaning  daih%  periodically,  by  generation, 

Ch  'i — meaning  to  open,  to  go  forward,  to  expand. 

Fung — meaning  to  meet,  to  obtain, 

Ch  'eng — meaning  successful,  success. 

Hung — meaning  good,  great,  large, 
T'u — meaning  actions,  deeds,  virtues, 
Shao — meaning  succeed,  acquire,  perpetuate. 
Shih — meaning  those  gone  before  (generations), 
Tse — meaning  prosperity. 

P'i — meaning  enlarge,  add  to, 

Shien — meaning  illuminate,  brighten,  brighter, 

Cheng — meaning  diffuse,  scatter,  separate, 

Chia — meaning  family,  clan,  tribe, 

Sheng — meaning  good  name,  better  quality. 

The  above  is  the  present  or  current  Pai-Ming  poem  of  the  Kiaug 
family ;  of  this  current  cycle  I  am  of  the  thirteenth  generation,  and 
therefore  have  as  a  middle  name,  the  appellation  Shao.  This  name 
was  prepared  for  me  nearly  400  years  ago,  considering  that  an 
average  generation  is  about  thirty  years. 

"When  a  child  is  born  the  parents  select  a  personal  name,  this 
name  is  registered.  Init  should  it  afterwards  be  found  that  another 
person  in  the  Family  Association  of  the  same  generation  as  the 
child,  has  the  name  so  selected,  then  the  name  must  be  changed, 
and  the  new  name  registered  as  before;  it  being  the  rule  that  no 
two  or  more  persons  of  the  same  family  and  generation  shall  have 
the  same  given,  or  personal  name.  This  is  a  very  wise  rule,  as  no 
doubt  many  genealogists  working  in  the  English  language  can 
appreciate,  when  they  chance  often  upon  a  family  with  cousins 
from  two  to  perhaps  half  a  dozen  bearing  the  same  personal  name, 


GEXEALOGY     OF     THE     CHINESE  43 

and  the  accompanying  difficulty  to  prove  which  particular  "John" 
or  "Sarah"  is  intended. 

In  addition  to  the  family,  or  clan  name,  the  Pai-^Ting  or  genera- 
tion name  and  the  personal  or  given  name  bestowed  by  parents, 
every  one  is  entitled  to  a  "social  name,"  to  be  selected  by  himself 
after  reaching  maturity:  this  period  of  time  would  agree  in  Amer- 
ica with  the  time  of  reaching  "legal  age." 

This  social  name  is  in  a  sense  an  ecjuivalent  to  a  motto  used  in 
English  or  Continental  Heraldry,  but  with  the  Chinese  selected  by 
llie  individual,  rather  than  bestowed  by  popular  agreement  or  for 
good  deeds  done. 

In  writing,  the  family  or  clan  name  takes  precedence,  then  the 
Pai-Ming  or  generation  name,  then  the  given  or  personal  name,  and 
lastly  the  social  name.  As  an  example — continuing  with  above  illus- 
trations, and  being  excused  for  the  personal  nature  of  these  exam- 
ples— at  the  proper  time  I  selected  as  a  "Social  name"  the  char- 
acter "Kang-IIu,"  meaning  Kang  (high),  and  Hu  (literally  tiger, 
but  in  the  sense  employed,  independent,  fearless).  The  full  name 
being  written,  Kiang  Shao  Chuan  Kang-IIu.  It  is  a  rule  that  chil- 
dren and  grandchildren  must  not  speak  or  write  the  registered 
names  of  their  fathers  or  grandfathers,  it  being  considered  unfilial 
and  lacking  in  respect  so  to  do.  This  rule  also  extends  to  the  Em- 
peror. It  is,  however,  permissible  to  use  one  character,  or  the  given 
name  only. 

A  few  families  place  the  given,  or  personal  name  in  the  middle 
and  the  Pai-I\Iing  or  generation  name  at  the  end. 

When  the  name  is  registered  in  the  "Family  Table  Book"  of 
the  "Tsu  Tang,"  it  becomes  the  official  or  guaranteed  name  and  is 
called  the  "Pu-Ming";  Pu  meaning  "generation  book"  and  Ming 
meaning  "name." 

It  should  1)0  noted  here  tliat  the  "Social  name"  is  not  so  regis- 
tered, and  is  not  used  in  business  or  official  matters. 

Hereditary  Titles. 

Some  customs  still  exist  that  have  been  brought  down  from  the 
ancient  feudal  systeui.  That  of  primogeniture  or  hereditary  descent 
is  one:  it  is  called  "Ta-Tsung."  meaning  hereditary  line.  The  first 
son  by  the  first  wife  is  called  '"Po-Tsu,"  if  the  first  son  is  of  the 
second  or  other  wife,  he  is  called  "Mung-Tsu" ;  all  other  sons  by  the 
first  wife  are  called  "Yii-Tsu,"  the  other  sons  of  other  wives  are 
called  "Shii-Tsu."  The  "Family  Table  Book"  is  always  particular 
to  set  out  these  relationships  and  the  exact  lines  of  descent,  in  order 
that  there  may  be  no  question  as  to  the  hereditary  line  of  descent, 
which  involves  hereditary  titles. 

The  emperors  of  the  different  dynasties  have,  for  the  most  part, 
observed  the  rule  of  primogeniture,  but  in  a  few  cases,  the  selection 
by  the  Emperor  father  has  been  other  than  his  oldest  son  for  his 
successor  to  the  throne.     This  latter  has  been  the  practice  of  the 


44       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Emperors  of  the  Ching,  or  Manchu  Dynasty.  The  descent  of  titles 
in  those  families  that  have  hereditary  titles  is  observed  in  a  like 
manner. 

The  feudal  system  of  land  holding  is  still  observed  among  the 
Mongol  families  and  the  "i\Iiao"  or  original  inhabitants.  These 
latter  are  now  only  fonnd  as  a  tribal  unit  in  the  Western  frontiers 
of  the  Empire. 

With  the  Lamas  in  Thibet,  who  have  no  wives  or  sons,  the 
descent  of  title  is  arranged  by  the  private  selection  of  a  successor; 
after  the  succession  is  settled  it  is  then  publicly  announced  that  the 
spirit  of  the  dead  Laitia  has  entered  the  body  of  the  newly  selected 
person,  and  he  henceforth  is  to  be  considered  the  true  living  Buddha. 

The  family  of  Kung-Fii-Tsu  (Confucius),  have  a  special  title 
called  "Tien  Shih,"  meaning  "Heavenly  Teacher." 
created  during  the  Han  Dynasty  (201  B.  C),  and  which  is  con- 
tinued to  the  present  day.  The  local  residence  of  the  present  holder 
of  this  title,  probably  the  most  highly  honored  in  the  Kingdom,  is 
in  the  Shan  Tung  Province.  An  enumeration  of  the  Confucius 
family  was  made  in  the  18th  century,  and  at  that  time  something 
like  13,000  persons  were  found  living  who  could  prove  descent  from 
the  sage  and  philosopher. 

Another  special  hereditary  title  is  the  one  given  to  a  man  named 
"Chang  Tao  Ling,"  who  elevated  Taoism  from  a  philosophy  to  a 
religion  during  the  Han  Dynasty.  In  the  time  of  the  Tang  Dynasty 
(627  A.  D.),  his  descendants  were  given  a  hereditary  family  title 
called  "Tien  Shih,"  meaning  "Heavenly  Teacher." 

These  two  families  are  the  most  noted  in  all  China,  these  family 
titles  have  been  continued  through  all  the  Dynasties,  and  through 
the  line  of  the  eldest  son,  to  the  present  time. 

The  Chinese  philosopher  iMencius,  said,  "The  most  undutiful 
condition  is  to  have  no  son."  That  is  why  it  is  considered  of  the 
first  importance  to  have  a  son  for  a  successor,  for  the  dual  purpose 
of  perpetuating  the  family  and  doing  reverence  to  ancestors. 

In  this  view  of  conditions,  which  to  the  Chinese  is  virtually  a 
tenet  of  their  religion,  the  laws  allow,  even  to  the  present  time,  a 
plurality  of  Avives.  When  a  man  has  no  son  by  his  first  wife,  he  is 
permitted  to  take  a  second,  or  more,  if  necessary,  in  order  that  a  son 
may  not  be  denied  him.  Some  men  getting  old,  or  perhaps  not 
desiring  to  take  a  second  wife,  or  who  are  too  poor  to  support  an- 
other and  being  without  a  son,  proceed  to  select  from  the  same  gen- 
eration, and  in  the  same  fainily.  and  as  near  to  his  own  line  as  may 
be,  a  second  or  later  son  of  another  man,  adopt  him  as  his  heir  and 
successor,  the  selection  and  adoption  being  duly  registered  in  the 
"Family  Table  Book"  or  record  of  the  family  or  elan.  A  first  son 
must  never  be  chosen,  as  that  would  deprive  another  branch  of  the 
family  of  its  proper  line  of  descent.  The  selected  and  adopted  son 
then  calls  his  own  parents  "Pun  Shung  Fu  Me,"  or  birth  parents, 
and  his  adopted  parents  "Chi  Fu  Mu,"  or  adopted  parents. 


GENEALOGY     OF     THE     CHIXESE  45 

It  is  allowable  if  no  issue  of  a  male  be  available,  to  adopt  the 
son  of  a  sister,  the  husband  of  a  daughter  or  other  near  female 
relative.  In  this  case  the  person  adopted  changes  his  family  name; 
if  a  husband  of  a  daughter,  he  takes  the  family  name  of  his  wife, 
which  is  a  proceeding  many  times  done  in  English  descent  of  title 
and  property,  as  T  learn  from  their  pedigree  charts.  Among  the 
wealthy  families  of  the  Cantonese,  the  custom  prevails  even  to  the 
extent  of  adopting  sons  of  other  families,  in  order  to  have  many 
sons  to  share  their  wealth  by  inheritance. 

When  a  man  or  woman  joins  tlie  Buildhist  order,  they  drop  their 
names,  and  take  a  new  name  given  them  by  their  teachers,  called 
"Sung"  or  "Shih,"  meaning  a  son  or  daughter  of  Buddiui,  and 
become  members  of  the  Buddha  family  or  clan,  using  the  generation 
name  of  the  Buddha  system  of  genealogy  or  heraldry,  but  in  the 
generation  book  of  the  system  the  entries  must  be  understood  as 
showing  no  blood  descent,  which  difference  is  important  to  remem- 
ber when  investigating  the  ancestry  of  a  member  of  the  order. 

The  Taoists  are  of  two  kinds;  one  marry  and  the  other  do  not. 
In  either  case  they  always  retain  their  family  names  and  records 
in  the  Family  Table  Book. 

Should  a  man  become  an  anarchist  or  free  lover  or  otherwise 
act  in  a  manner  to  bring  discredit  upon  his  family  or  clan  name,  his 
family  name  is  taken  away  from  him  by  the  ''Tsu  Tang"  of  his 
clan,  his  name  erased  from  the  Family  Table  Book,  and  he,  a  family 
outlaw,  must  use  another  name. 

In  the  genealogical  tables  of  China,  much  attention  is  given  to 
the  line  of  male  descent,  particularly  the  stem,  or  hereditary  line ; 
but  very  little  attention  to  the  female  line,  it  being  understood,  if 
no  record  to  the  contrary,  that  the  female  is  of  the  same  family 
and  naturally  and  surely  traces  back  to  the  original  stem  in  any 
event;  being  a  matter  of  a  certain  number  of  generations  removed. 

In  closing  these  somewhat  discursive  remarks  upon  the  family 
life  and  genealogy  of  the  Chinese  people,  I  am  reminded  that  in  the 
last  analysis  all  the  people  of  the  earth  are  really  members  of  one 
family,  and  I  cannot  better  close  than  by  repeating  the  words  of 
Confucius:  "The  People  of  the  Four  Seas,  i.  e.,  the  people  of  all 
the  world,  are  all  one  brotlu'rhood."  And  also  he  said:  "There 
is  only  one  universal  Family  in  the  world."  And  again  he  said: 
"In  the  Golden  Age,  men  will  treat  all  elderly  people  as  their  par- 
ents, all  young  persons  as  their  children,  and  all  of  equal  age  as 
brothers  and  sisters." 

To  the  wise  man  there  is,  in  all  this  broad  and  immense  world, 
hut  a  single  family,  all  governed  by  One  Supreme  Intelligence. 
"When  this  Family  recognizes  this  Truth,  and  in  direct  and  real 
sincerity  practices  the  few  and  perfectly  simple  rules  of  benevolent 
morality  as  taught  by  our  ancient  sage,  then  will  it  be  an  enlight- 
ened, civilized  family. 


46      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 


GENEALOGICAL  RECORDS  OF  THE  MAORI 

OF  NEW  ZEALAND. 


By  ELSDON    BEST 

VVKLLINOTON    PHIL0S0PHIC;A.L.  SOCIETY,  WELLINGTON,   N.    Z 


As  a  branch  of  the  Polynesian  race  which  ooeupies  so  vast  an 
area  of  the  island  system  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  it  may  be  taken  as 
a  foregone  conclusion  that  the  Maori  of  New  Zealand  was  ever 
most  careful  and  diligent  in  conserving  the  traditional  lore  of  his 
people,  and  in  no  department  was  this  more  marked  than  in  the 
preservation  of  genealogical  records.  It  is  a  well  knov/n  fact  that 
the  Polynesians  have  ever  venerated  the  older  oral  traditions  and 
genealogies  of  their  race,  and  have  set  a  high  value  on  those  con- 
nected with  the  origin  of  man  and  of  man's  descent  from  the  gods. 
In  endeavoring  to  discover  some  explanation  for  the  veneration 
displayed  towards  the  more  ancient  portions  of  lines  of  descent 
and  the  innate  Mana  possessed  by  them,  as  proved  by  the  fact  of 
their  being  recited  in  certain  ritual  performances,  it  is  quite 
possible  that  we  here  note  the  origin  of  such  usages  and  beliefs. 
The  Maori  believes  that  he  is  descended  from  the  gods,  that  he, 
in  his  own  person,  possesses  or  contains  a  portion  of  divine  essence, 
and  moreover  that  it  is  this  quality  that  enables  him  to  perform 
any  remarkable  feat,  and  protects  and  preserves  his  welfare,  physi- 
cal, intellectual  and  spiritual.  He  does  not  claim  descent  from  the 
Supreme  Being,  but  from  vv^hat  may  be  termed  the  departmental 
gods,  the  offspring  of  the  primal  parents  Bangi  (the  Sky  Parent) 
and  Papa  (the  Earth  Mother).  It  was  Tane,  the  son  of  these 
parents,  who  sought  the  female  element  far  and  wide  without  suc- 
cess, wdiereupon  he  formed  a  figure  of  earth  on  the  mons  veneris 
of  the  Earth  Mother.  He  then  procured  from  the  Supreme  Being 
the  soul,  the  blood  and  the  breath  of  life  by  which  the  lifeless 
form  was  vivified,  and  the  first  sign  of  life  given  by  that  form  was 
a  sneeze,  hence  the  well  known  expression  of  "Tike  Mauri  Ora" 
(sneeze,  living  soul),  as  heard  among  the  Maori  folk  of  this  day. 

Thus  came  into  being  Hinc-Aliu-One,  the  Earth-formed  JMaid, 
who  was  taken  to  wife  by  Tane.  She  was  the  first  woman,  and  the 
mother  of  mankind ;  from  this  twain  are  descended  the  whole  of  the 
brown  skinned  folk  who  dwell  in  the  countless  lands  of  the  Many 
Isled  Sea.  A  further  inquiry  into  ^Maori  myth  will  show  that  Tane 
was  essentially  the  fertilizer,  he  who  fertilizes  the  Earth  Mother, 
the  origin  or  tutelary  deity  of  forests,  and  the  power  that  brought 
light  into  the  world;  in  brief,  Tane  is  the  Sun. 


GENEALOGICAL     RECORDS     OF     THE     MAORI  47 

Here  we  have  the  singular  fact  of  a  whole  race  firmly  believing 
itself  to  be  descended  from  the  primal  parents,  Heaven  and  Earth, 
through  the  sun,  and  it  is  the  belief  of  the  writer  that  this  fact 
has  had  a  very  important  bearing  on  the  history  and  achievements 
of  the  Polynesian  people.  This  last  subject  lies  outside  the  scope 
of  this  paper,  but  enough  has  been  said  to  give  a  good  reason  why 
the  Polynesian  should  so  highly  prize  his  racial  lineage,  and  why 
he  was  so  extremely  careful  to  preserve  his  genealogical  records. 
The  earlier  parts  of  such  genealogies,  containing  the  names  of 
supernatural  beings  and  heroes,  are  viewed  as  being  extremely 
Tapu,  and  not  to  be  lightly  mentioned,  so  much  so  indeed  that  we 
know  they  were  recited  by  Maori  priests  on  certain  occasions  as  a 
part  of  a  religious  ritual.  Two  of  such  occasions  were  the  marriage 
of  a  man  and  woman  of  rank,  and  cases  of  difficult  parturition. 

Probably  no  greater  misfortune  could  afflict  a  Maori  than  to 
lose  knowledge  of  his  lineage,  though  it  must  be  added  that  it 
would  scarcely  be  possible  for  him  to  do  so,  inasmuch  as  he  could 
obtain  it  from  others,  even  from  adepts  of  another  tribe.  The 
expression  Aho  Ngaro  occasionally  heard  is  applied  to  the  extinc- 
tion of  a  family.  The  term  Aho,  a  string  or  cord,  is  also  used  to 
denote  a  line  of  descent.  iVgraro  means  "lost."  The  word  Kawai 
used  to  express  lineage,  also  denotes  the  shoot  of  a  creeping  plant, 
the  tentacles  of  an  octopus,  etc.  Tahuhu  denotes  the  ridgepole  of 
a  house,  also  a  line  of  ancestry. 

It  seems  highly  probable  that  the  only  situations  in  which  Poly- 
nesians have  lost  knowledge  of  their  genealogies  were  such  as  crush- 
ing disasters  afflicting  a  small  isolated  community  having  no  com- 
munication with  other  isles. 

The  Maori  was  an  enthusiastic  upholder  of  the  laws  of  primo- 
geniture, and  descent  through  the  eldest  son  was  ever  viewed  as 
the  most  important.  The  Aho  Aroki,  or  descent  through  the  eldest 
sons  of  a  high  chieftain  family  was  held  in  very  high  respect,  and 
when  such  a  man  was  also  a  priestly  adept,  his  standing  and  in- 
fluence in  the  tribe  were  very  great. 

In  regard  to  the  conservation  of  genealogical  records,  there  are 
two  phavses  of  the  process  to  be  considered  and  explained.  In  the 
first  place  every  man  of  a  Maori  tribe  knew  his  own  lineage,  could 
recite  his  descent  from  a  tribal  ancestor  of  the  last  migration  from 
Polynesia  to  New  Zealand  about  twenty  generations  ago,  and  would 
very  likely  know  his  ancestral  connection  with  other  tribes,  but 
such  a  man  was  not  looked  upon  as  an  adept,  a  genealogical  expert. 
He  would  trace  his  descent  from  much  more  remote  ancestors,  and 
even  possibly  from  the  gods  of  mythical  ages,  but  this  early  part  of 
his  lineage  was  often  inexact,  and  would  not  be  confirmed  by 
an  expert.  For  instance,  the  god  Tane  has  many  names,  each  illus- 
trating a  phase  of  his  manifestations  or  energies,  and  these  are 
often  given  as  names  of  separate  individuals  in  genealogies,  a  course 
condemned  by  higher  authorities.     The  names  of  periods,  or  ages, 


48      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

or  conditions  that  preceded  the  Sky  Parent  and  Earth  Mother  are 
also  so  given  by  some,  but  condemned  by  adepts. 

The  true  genealogical  experts  were  men  who,  in  their  youth, 
had  been  selected  as  students  to  be  taught  in  the  sacred  school  of 
learning.  For  this  purpose  were  selected  youths  of  good  family, 
i.  e.,  of  the  chieftain  class,  who  possessed  good  memories.  This 
most  necessary  qualification  was  ascertained  by  assembling  these 
youths  together,  when  one  adept  v/ould  recite  to  them  some  lengthy 
tradition,  a  popular  story  or  folk  lore  tale,  such  as  the  storj-  of 
Mmd,  the  Hero.  This  story  the  young  folk  had  to  memorize  from 
one  recital,  and  those  among  them  who  were  able  to  do  so,  and  to 
repeat  such  story  correctly  in  detail,  were  selected  as  pupils  to  be 
taught  the  oral  traditions  of  the  tribe,  including  the  origin  of  man, 
cosmological  myths,  tribal  history  and  genealogical  lore.  The  curi- 
ous and  interesting  formalities  and  ritual  connected  with  such 
teaching  is  too  big  a  subject  to  be  here  described,  but  it  should 
be  made  clear  that  the  imparting  of  what  were  deemed  the  more 
important  subjects,  anthropogeny,  cosmogony,  ritual  formulae,  old 
time  genealogies,  etc.,  was  a  highly  serious  task  and  extremely  Tapu. 
The  numxerous  restrictions,  prohibitions  and  ritual  performances 
connected  with  the  acquisition  of  such  knowledge  throw  much  light 
on  the  mentality  and  religion  of  this  most  interesting  people. 

One  subject  on  wliich  the  adept  teachers  of  such  scholars  laid 
considerable  stress  was  the  line  of  demarcation  between  popular 
folk  lore  tales  and  what  was  held  to  be  correct  and  orthodox  tradi- 
tional history.  Thus  certain  traditionary  tales,  etc.,  bore  two 
aspects,  the  popular  version  known  to  all  persons,  and  the  correct 
or  orthodox  version  known  only  to  the  trained  adepts  who  had 
passed  through  the  school  of  learning.  Thus  we  have  discovered 
of  late  years  that  certain  stories  held  by  us  to  be  merely  myths  or 
folk  tales,  are  really,  as  taught  to  the  initiated  few,  records  of 
hona  fide  ancestors  and  their  doings.  Such  traditions  have,  as 
preserved  by  the  bulk  of  the  people,  become  encrusted  with  mythical 
and  impossible  features,  which  rendered  them  of  greater  interest 
to  the  ordinary  person.  As  already  observed,  this  peculiarity  ex- 
tended to  the  more  ancient  portions  of  tribal  genealogies,  the  trained 
adepts  were  the  preservers  of  what  was  deemed  the  correct  versions 
of  ancient  lineage.  Such  persons  only  were  able  to  give  details  of 
far  back  generations,  such  as  marriages  of  remote  ancestors.  The 
average  commoner  could  not  supply  such  details  for  more  than  about 
ten  to  twent}'  generations.  The  very  greatest  care  was  taken  to  ren- 
der the  transmission  of  all  genealogical  and  other  important  matter 
absolutelj''  accurate.  Should  an  adept  make  a  mistake  in  his  recital 
of  a  genealogy  or  religious  formula,  such  an  occurrence  was  looked 
upon  as  a  most  serious  misfortune,  and  not  infrequently  caused 
the  death  of  the  hapless  adept.  In  its  mildest  aspect  it  was  ex- 
tremely unlucky  to  commit  such  an  error,  for  the  gods  of  the 
Maori  would  punish  the  offender. 


GENEALOGICAL     RECORDS     OF     THE     MAORI  49 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  trained  priestly  adepts  who  had 
passed  through  the  Tapu  school  of  learning  were  in  the  habit  of 
airing  their  knowledge,  or  imparting  it  to  all  and  sundry.  They 
were  extremely  conservative  and  reticent.  They  heard  the  people 
reciting  the  fireside  stories,  popularized  and  erroneous  forms  of  his- 
torical traditions,  also  incorrect  accounts  of  the  origin  of  man,  but 
made  no  sign  and  no  attempt  to  correct  them.  Such  things  were 
good  enough  for  commoners,  and  if  the  latter  bet-ame  possessed  of 
Tapu  branches  of  knowledge,  then  most  assuredly  would  the  tribe 
be  in  peril.  The  more  ancient  portions  of  genealogies,  as  also  little 
known  lines  of  descent,  were  not  discussed  or  recited  in  public 
unless  the  audience  was  composed  of  a  cohesive,  homogeneous  people, 
such  as  a  village  community,  and  even  under  such  conditions  these 
occurrences  were  rare.  Should  members  of  another  tribe  chance 
to  be  present,  adepts  were  doubly  reticpnt.  In  many  cases  a  line 
of  descent  "was  strung  on  a  single  line,"  i.  e.,  the  name  of  the 
wife  or  husband  was  not  given.  No  person  is  more  conservative 
of  prized  knowledge  than  the  ]\Iaori. 

We  have  seen  that  every  male  member  of  a  tribe  would  know 
his  own  line  of  descent  from  a  given  point,  usually  from  an  ancestor 
who  came  to  New  Zealand  from  the  isles  of  Eastern  Poh^nesia  in 
one  of  the  many  vessels  that  arrived  here  from  those  parts  during 
a  period  of  from  eighteen  to  thirty  generations  ago.  He  would 
also  be  conversant  vnth  his  connection  with  other  sub-tribes  and 
tribes,  for,  owing  to  intermarriages,  he  would  be  a  member  of 
several  such  communities.  In  every  clan  there  would  also  be  several 
men  who  might  be  termed  second  rate  adepts,  men  v.ho  had  not 
passed  through  the  school  of  learning,  but  who  were  interested  in 
the  tribal  lineage  and  had  managed  to  collect  a  considerable  amount 
of  information  on  the  subject.  In  such  studies  the  astonishing 
powers  of  memory  possessed  by  the  ]\Iaori  stood  him  in  good  stead, 
for  he  had  no  system  of  written  language  or  mnemonics  to  assist 
him  in  preserving  tribal  records ;  he  depended  upon  memory  alone, 
and  his  memory  assureiy  did  him  yeoman  service. 

As  an  illustration  of  this  type  of  genealogists  I  may  mention 
my  worthy  old  friend  Tamarau  of  the  Tiilioe  tribe.  When  a  govern- 
ment commission  was  inquiring  into  tlie  ownership  of  certain  blocks 
of  land,  this  old  man  gave  in  court  the  descent  of  his  sub-tribe 
from  an  ancestor  who  flourished  some  twenty-one  generations  ago. 
The  recital  of  this  matter,  with  sundry  explanations  of  inter- 
marriages with  other  communities,  occupied  three  days,  and  the 
descent  of  every  living  member  of  the  clan  was  clearly  shown. 
This  task  involved  the  remembrance  and  recital  of  1,288  names  of 
persons  in  order  to  bring  the  various  branches  from  the  main  line 
down,  not  to  every  living  member  of  the  clan,  but  to  the  (jldest 
living  member  of  each  family,  etc.,  of  the  clan,  often  a  grand- 
parent, occasionally  a  great  grandparent.  The  recital  of  the  names 
of  all  the  living  members  of  each  family  Avas  a  distinct  performance 


50       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

that  was  carried  out  later.  Now  the  whole  of  the  above  informa- 
tion, the  vast  number  of  personal  names,  given  in  their  proper 
order,  had  been  memorized  by  the  reciter  in  his  younger  days  and 
remembered  when  he  was  70  years  of  age.  Moreover  this  was  but  a 
portion  of  his  acquired  mass  of  knowledge  of  the  subject;  he  could 
trace  descent  from  many  other  ancestors,  and  give  the  lineage  of 
other  clans  or  sub-tribes.  Apart  from  this  subject  his  mind  was 
equally  well  stored  in  respect  to  other  branches  of  knowledge,  such 
as  tribal  history,  myths,  folk  lore,  songs,  etc.  On  one  occasion  the 
writer  spent  three  days  with  him,  and  spent  the  three  days  and  even- 
ings in  taking  down  in  shorthand  a  mass  of  traditional  history,  etc., 
from  his  dictation.  The  old  fellow  never  flagged  and  was  never 
apparently  at  fault.  When  leaving  he  informed  me  that  we  had 
but  commenced  the  task. 

Another  interesting  experience  that  befell  the  writer  was  when, 
in  1896,  an  old  native  recited  to  him  from  memory  no  less  than 
406  songs.  In  neither  case  was  any  graphic  system  relied  upon, 
the  memory  alone  was  the  conserving  power,  the  amazing  memory 
of  the  Polynesian  that  has  preserved  such  vast  stores  of  tradi- 
tional lore. 

In  Table  No.  1  is  given  the  descent  of  Taynarau  from  Hape,  as 
taken  from  the  genealogy  of  his  sub-tribe  mentioned  above.  To 
copy  out  the  whole  table,  with  its  many  branches,  would  be  no 
light  task,  and  would  appal  the  reader. 

Inasmuch  as  tribal  genealogies  formed  the  only  system  of 
chronology  known  to,  and  utilized  by,  the  Maori,  it  follows  that 
such  a  fact  imparted  to  them  additional  value  in  the  estimation  of 
the  natives.  It  is  also  this  fact  that  renders  these  tables  interesting 
to  Europeans.  When  we  hear  the  traditions  of  the  adventures  of 
Hape  and  other  old  sea  wanderers  who  laid  down  the  water  roads 
over  great  areas  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  breaking  through  the 
hanging  sky  reached  this  lone  land,  we  can,  by  scanning  the  lines 
of  descent  from  them,  locate  with  some  approach  to  precision  the 
century  in  which  they  lived.  As  the  lines  from  Hape  range  from 
21  to  24  generations,  we  take  the  mean  of  221/^  as  an  indication  of 
the  time  in  which  he  flourished.  Some  writers  have  placed  the 
Maori  generation  at  30  years,  otliers  at  20,  but  the  experts  of  the 
Polynesian  Society  have  adopted  25  years  as  the  unit. 

It  appears  to  be  a  somewhat  common  belief  among  anthropol- 
ogists that  eponymic  ancestors  appearing  in  the  genealogies  of  un- 
cultured races  are  fictitious,  mythical  personages  who  never  existed. 
This  is  not  the  case  with  the  Maori  folk  of  New  Zealand.  Here  most 
of  the  tribes  are  named  after  an  ancestor  from  whom  every  member 
of  the  tribe  can  trace  his  descent.  Even  in  cases  where  a  tribe 
or  sub-tribe  is  not  named,  still  it  has  a  common  ancestor.  For 
instance,  Table  No.  1  shows  a  line  of  descent  from  Hape,  but  the 
tribe,  i.  e.,  his  descendants,  is  known  as  Te  Hapu-Oneone.  This  line 
also  illustrates  the  origin  of  a  sub-tribe  known  as  Ngai-Te-Kapo, 


GENEALOGICAL  RECORDS  OF  THE  MAORI        61 

whose  members  are  the  descendants  of  No.  9  in  the  table,  their 
eponymous  ancestor.  It  must  be  distinctly  understood  that  every 
member  of  a  Maori  tribe  is  descended  from  a  common  ancestor, 
the  founder  of  that  tribe.  Adoption  does  not  make  a  person  a  true 
member  of  a  Maori  tribe,  it  gives  him  no  claim  to  the  lands  of  that 
tribe.  Should  he  marry  a  member  of  the  tribe,  however,  his  chil- 
dren have  full  rights  therein,  although  he  might  be  only  a  slave. 
The  marrying  a  free  woman  would,  in  such  a  case,  release  his 
children  from  bondage. 

When  the  lands  of  the  Tuhoe  tribe  were  being  put  through  the 
Land  Court,  the  writer  made  out  a  complete  genealogical  tree, 
showing  the  descent  of  every  living  member  of  the  tribe,  about  800, 
from  the  common  eponymic  ancestor  Tuhoe-Potiki,  who  flourished 
some  twelve  or  fourteen  generations  ago.  The  table  contained 
thousands  of  names  and  the  compilation  thereof  was  no  light  task. 

In  Table  No.  2  we  have  one  Turanga-pikitoi  in  the  first  position. 
This  is  the  eponymic  ancestor  of  Ngai-Turanga,  a  clan  of  many 
members  usually  known  by  other  clan  names,  such  as  Tuhoe. 
Turanga  was  a  chief  of  the  people  usually  referred  to  as  the 
aborigines  of  New  Zealand,  but  who  really  represented  a  mixture 
of  the  earlier  immigrants  from  Eastern  Polynesia  and  the  original 
inhabitants  of  these  isles,  an  inferior  people  in  physique  and  culture 
of  whom  we  know  but  little.  Turanga  was  a  descendant  of  Toi, 
leader  of  the  first  band  of  Polynesians  that  settled  in  New  Zealand 
nearly  thirty  generations  ago.  His  great-great-grandson  married 
Wairaka,  daughter  of  Toroa,  chief  of  a  vessel  named  Matatua  that 
reached  these  shores  from  Eastern  Polynesia.  Some  lines  from 
Toroa  are  longer  than  those  given  in  the  table.  Here  we  note  an 
intermarriage  soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  immigrants,  for  Wairaka 
came  with  her  father,  as  also  did  his  sister  Muriwai,  an  ancestress 
of  the  Whakatohea  tribe.  Tuhoe-potiki,  grandson  of  Wairaka,  is 
the  eponymic  ancestor  of  Ngai -Tuhoe,  by  which  tribal  name  the 
Ngai-Turanga  folk  are  now  generally  kno\^Ti.  The  sister  of  Tuhoe 
married  into  the  Arawa  tribe,  where  her  descendants  are  still  liv- 
ing. Their  claim  to  Tuhoe  tribal  lands  has  become  "cold,"  as  the 
Maori  puts  it. 

In  this  table  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that,  owing  to  inter- 
marriages, all  members  of  the  later  generations  claim  other  tribal 
or  hapii  (sub-tribe)  names.  Thus  a  man  might  belong  to  four  or 
five  sub-tribes  of  his  tribe,  and  he  would  probably  reside  with  all 
of  them  in  rotation,  so  that  he  might  retain  his  standing  in  the 
community  and  keep  his  local  claim  "warm." 

In  regard  to  the  remote  ancestor  Toi,  above  mentioned,  it  i.s 
probable  that  every  Maori  in  these  isles  can  claim  descent  from  him. 

The  Maori  folk  have  preserved  more  interest  in  their  genealogies 
than  in  any  other  branch  of  their  ancient  lore,  simply  because  by 
means  of  them  do  they  make  good  their  claims  in  our  Native  Land 
Courts.    The  modern  Maori  is  not  above  inventing  a  line  of  descent 


52       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

from  some  desirable  ancestor  in  such  cases,  and  only  a  long  and 
close  study  of  the  subject  will  enable  one  to  detect  such  forgeries. 

In  some  cases  natives  have  given  up  memorizing  the  many  lines 
of  descent  and  intermarriages,  relying  on  written  language  to  pre- 
serve such  data.  Occasionally  such  practices  put  them  in  a  serious 
quandary.  Some  time  ago  the  writer  was  visited  by  two  members 
of  a  tribe  among  which  he  had  resided  for  fifteen  years.  This  was 
a  deputation  sent  down  to  copy  from  my  note  books  certain  lines 
of  descent  needed  as  evidence  in  a  Native  Land  Court.  Written 
copies  had  been  lost  and  destroyed,  the  old  men  of  knowledge  were 
all  dead,  hence  this  application  to  a  member  of  an  alien  race ;  surely 
a  novel  and  significant  position  for  Maori  folk. 

Again,  a  few  months  since,  the  writer  received  a  letter  from  a 
somewhat  famed  genealogist  of  the  East  Coast,  asking  for  the  name 
of  the  wife  of  a  gentleman  who  flourished  twenty-four  generations 
ago.  On  receipt  of  the  name  he  wrote  a  letter  expressing  gratitude 
for  the  favor,  and  remarking  that  the  sun  had  risen  above  a  gloomy 
horizon. 

The  "ways  that  are  dark  and  tricks  that  are  vain"  of  some  of 
these  gentry  in  preferring  claims  in  a  Land  Court  are  often  pass- 
ing strange.  When  engaged  in  making  out  lists  of  persons  entitled, 
or  alleged  to  be  entitled,  to  shares  in  certain  lands,  I  have  known 
natives  to  assign  sex  and  name  to  a  child  yet  unborn.  When  the 
pre-natal  claimant  finally  appeared  in  this  world,  and  of  the  wrong 
sex,  some  excuse  would  readily  be  found  for  such  error  in  the  lists. 

Table  No.  3  gives  a  line  from  Ira-kai-putahi,  eponymous  ancestor 
of  the  Ngati-Ira  tribe,  who  came  hither  from  Eastern  Polynesia 
and  whose  descendants  formerly  held  the  Wellington  district  as 
their  tribal  lands.  This  folk  once  occupied  lands  near  East  Cape 
and  have  had  a  stormy  career. 

The  tables  given  might  be  extended  to  a  prodigious  extent,  but 
this  would  but  weary  readers.  Some  rolls  made  out  are  15  to  25 
feet  in  length. 

Although  a  line  of  descent  through  the  eldest  son  was  held  to 
be  the  most  important,  yet  that  through  the  eldest  daughter  was 
also  highly  esteemed.  The  Aho  Tamawahiiie  or  female  line  of 
descent  in  the  higher  class  families  carried  considerable  weight  and 
commanded  the  respect  of  the  community. 


^<^^^ 


GENEALOGICAL     RECORDS     OF     THE     MAORI  53 

TABLE    1. 

I.  Hape   (An  immigrant 
from  Polynesia). 

Rawaho 

Hapai-ariki 

Ngariki 

Ariki-kare 

Tirama-roa 

Te  Whakatangata 

Tama-a-mutu 

Whetu-roa 
3.  Te  Kapo-o-te-rangi 

Tahatu-o-te-ao 

TawhiwM 

Marie 

Maliuru 

Korokai-whenua 

Tutonga 

Te  Ata-pare 

Kumara 
18.  Tamarau 

Te  Reinga 

Heriata 
21.  Hine-ki-runga 

(an  infant  in  1897) 


GENEALOGICAL     RECORDS     OF     THE     ^lAORI 


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56       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

TABLE    3. 
Shows  descent  of  Wai-rarapa  families  from  Ira,  an  immigrant  from 
Polynesia  by  the  vessel  known  as  Horouta.     Ira  is  the  epoymic  of  the 
Ngati-Ira  tribe. 

Ira 

Hine-kaui-rangi 

Koka-te-rangi 

Paheke 

Urutira 

Mapuna-a-rangi 

Kahukura-paro 

Kahukura-mamangu 

Pakariki 

Tane-ka-tohia 

Uenga-ariki 

Kahukura-te-aranga 

Paka-huanga-rau 

Pou-tatua 

Mahere-tu-ki-te-rangi 

Rere-kiokio 

Te  Wha-kumu 

Tahi-a-rangi 

Hine-motuhia 

Te  Ahi-a  te-momo 

Nuku-tamaroro 

Karo-taha 
Whatu-rangi 
Te  Rangi-takaiwaho 
Te  Manihera 
Maangi 
Maota 
27.  Waikawa  (Living  1911) 


GENEALOGICAL     RECORDS     OF     THE     >[AORI  57 

TABLE    4. 
Shows  descent  of  Waikawa  from  Tol. 

Toi 

1.  Rongoueroa 

2.  Whatonga 

3.  Tara 
Tiwhana-a-rangi 
Hine-one 

Tah\> 

Te  Raugi-tu-pewa 

Te  Rangi-tu-maroro 

Tuku-po 
10.  Turia 

Hine-akau 

Rangi-i-hiia 

Hapai-te-rangi 

Te  Rangi-tuatahi 
15.  Ira-karako, 

Kura-whango 

Pouri 

Matua-te-rangi 

Hine-i-tukia 
20.  Whakairi-te-rangi 

Tu-awhio 

Tama-i-waha 

Te  Huinga 

Te  Whakararo 
25.  Raurangi 

Taketake 

Te  Ngaere  ^ 

28.  Te  Manihera 

Naomi 

30.  Maota 
Waikawa 


58       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 


GENEALOGY  OF  THE  NATIVE  HAWAIIANS. 


By  BRUCE  CART^VRIGHT.  JR. 


From  Hawaiian  genealogies,  handed  down  orally  for  hundreds 
of  years,  the  history  of  the  race  has  been  traced.  It  shows  us  that 
the  Hawaiians  are  a  very  primitive  people.  About  the  fifth  century 
A.  D.  they  came  to  Hawaii,  where  they  remained  unknown  until 
the  eleventh  century,  when  they  were  visited  by  several  parties 
from  the  groups  to  the  south,  from  the  ]\Iarquesas,  Samoan  and 
Society  Islands.  Active  intercourse  was  maintained  for  the  space 
of  six  generations,  when  the  Hawaiians  were  again  isolated  until 
their  rediscovery  by  Captain  James  Cook  in  1778. 

All  the  inhabitants  of  Hawaii  were  supposed  to  have  descended 
from  the  same  ancestors,  Wakea,  the  male,  and  Papa,  the  female. 
After  the  lapse  of  time  a  King  was  chosen  to  rule  over  the  people, 
and  others  were  chosen  to  assist  the  King,  who  were  the  chiefs. 

The  genealogies  of  the  Kings  and  Chiefs  were  considered  of 
great  importance  and  were  memorized  by  genealogists  who  were 
supported  b}'  the  nobility  and  held  honored  and  important  posi- 
tions under  the  Crown. 

The  marriage  ceremony  commonly  consisted  of  the  groom  throw- 
ing a  piece  of  kapa  (native  cloth)  over  the  bride  in  the  presence 
of  witnesses,  usually  the  bride's  relatives.  After  this  brief  cere- 
mony a  feast  took  place  in  celebration  of  the  event. 

Great  care  was  exercised  in  the  choice  of  the  first  wife  of  a 
chief  of  high  rank.  She  must  be  of  the  same  or  higher  rank  so 
that  their  children  would  be  of  high  rank.  Search  was  made  into 
the  pedigree  of  both  the  man  and  woman  by  the  genealogists  before 
they  were  allowed  to  marry  and  the  ceremony  was  not  permitted 
to  proceed  until  the  genealogist  approved  of  the  pedigrees. 

A  suitable  mate  for  a  chief  of  high  rank  was  his  sister.  If 
there  were  any  children,  they  were  considered  chiefs  of  the 
highest  rank.  They  were  called  "Ninau  Pio"  and  were  so  sacred 
that  all  who  came  into  their  presence  must  prostrate  themselves. 
For  this  reason  these  chiefs  went  around  at  night  so  that  the  people 
would  not  have  to  stop  work  and  fall  to  the  ground  in  an  attitude 
of  worship  should  they  be  seen.  If  a  chief  had  no  sister  to  marry, 
other  members  of  his  immediate  family  were  considered  suitable, 
such  as  his  cousins,  aunts,  and,  in  some  cases,  even  his  mother. 

The  descent  w^as  usually  traced  through  the  female  for  the 
simple  reason  that  there  could  be  no  question  as  to  whom  the 
mother  was. 


GENEALOGY     OF     THE     HAWAIIANS  59 

After  children  were  born  to  this  first  marriage,  a  husband  or 
a  Avife  miglit  take  as  many  partners  as  they  chose  of  any  rank 
and  the  children  begotten  of  these  other  unions  would  be  called 
'•Kaikaina"  and  they  were  recognized  as  the  younger  brothers 
and  sisters  of  the  great  chief,  the  first  child,  and  in  time  would 
become  his  advisers  or  the  ministers  of  his  government. 

In  order  to  show  how  complex  relationships  became  I  will  refer 
to  Fornander,  Volume  II,  page  130 : 

Ka-lani-kau-lele-i-a-iwi  was  the  daughter  of  Kea-kea-lani- 
wahine,  a  Queen  of  the  Island  of  Hawaii  and  a  woman  of  the  high- 
est rank.  She  became  Queen,  sharing  the  throne  with  her  half- 
brother  and  husband,  Keawe.  She  had  four  husbands  of  whom 
there  is  record,  each  one  of  whom  had  several  wives,  who  in  turn 
had  several  husbands. 

Most  of  us  will  acknowledge  that  it  would  be  quite  a  task  to 
segregate  the  second  generation  of  this  household  and  classify 
them  as  to  their  relationships  with  one  another. 

Her  half-brother  Keawe  is  the  reputed  head  of  many  families 
in  Hawaii  proud  of  their  chiefly  descent.  Keaua,  the  reputed 
father  of  the  great  Kamehameha,  was  a  grandson  of  both  King 
Keawe  and  his  sister.  Queen  Ka-lani-kau-lele-i-a-iwi,  his  father 
being  Ka-lani-keeaumoku,  their  son.  The  mother  of  Kamehameha 
was  Kekuiapoiwa  II,  a  chiefess  of  the  highest  rank  and  daughter 
of  Haae,  who  was  the  son  of  Queen  Kalani-kau-lele-ia-iwi  by  another 
husband  other  than  her  brother  Keawe,  the  King.  This  second 
husband  was  Kauauamahi,  a  very  high  chief  from  the  district  of 
Kohala. 

In  showing  the  relationships  of  the  third  generation  from 
Keawe  it  would  be  necessary  to  make  a  chart  showing  all  the  wives 
of  all  the  husbands,  when  we  would  find  such  a  multitude  and  such 
combinations  that  we  would  be  forced  to  start  a  separate  chart 
for  each  individual. 

The  Hawaiian  Historical  Society  at  its  annual  meeting  in  Janu- 
ary, 1914,  authorized  me  to  chose  a  committee  to  look  into  the 
advisability  of  the  society  starting  a  genealogical  department.  I 
invited  Mr.  Edger  Henriques  and  Mr.  Gerrit  P.  Wilder  to  join 
me  as  a  committee,  and  after  going  into  the  question  from  all 
points  of  view  we  reported  that  it  was  our  opinion  that  no  time 
should  be "  lost  in  starting  a  genealogical  department  for  the 
Hawaiian  Historical  Society. 

It  would  seem  a  simple  matter  to  trace  foreign  families  in 
Hawaii  since  foreigners  began  to  arrive  after  the  report  on  Cook's 
voyage  was  made  public,  and  in  only  a  few  cases  would  it  be 
necessary  to  go  back  further  than  1790,  but  such  we  find  not  to 
be  the  case.  The  early  arrivals  in  Hawaii  were  men  who  kept  no 
records  and  it  was  not  until  the  arrival  of  the  missionaries  in  1820 
that  a  foreign  woman  came  to  the  Islands  and  permanent  records 
of  events  were  kept. 


60       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 


GENEALOGICAL    CHARTS. 


By  SARAH  LOUISE  RIMBALL. 

OF  THE  CrAI.IFOKNIA   OENK  ALOOIC  A  L  SOeiETY. 


During  the  afternoon  session  of  Thursday,  July  29,  there  was  an 
exhibition  of  genealogical  charts,  a  brief  summary  of  which  follows: 

Chart  1.— Showing  European  ancestry  for  several  centuries  of 
George  Washington's  ancestor,  Col.  George  Reade,  who  came  from 
England  to  Virginia  in  1637. 

Prepared  by  Plenry  Byron  Phillips. 

Chart  2. — A  comparative  study  of  three  lines  of  ancestry  trac- 
ing through  the  French,  Scandinavian  and  Hawaiian  royal  lines 
to  Adam. 

Prepared  by  Henry  Byron  Phillips. 

Chart   3. — "The   Fittest,"   showing   one   ancestress,   Isabel   de 
Vermandois    (granddaughter  of   Henry   I,  King  of   France),   for 
rulers  and  leaders  in  Europe  and  America. 
Prepared  by  Sarah  Louise  Kimball. 

Chart  4. — Showing  Isabel  de  Vermandois  as  ancestress  of  all 
reigning  monarchs  in  Europe,  except  certain  Balkan  States  and 
Turkey,  as  well  as  of  thirteen  presidents  of  the  United  States. 
Prepared  by  Sarah  Louise  Kimball. 

Charts  5-20. — A  series  of  studies  of  American  families,  by 
Sarah  Louise  Kimball,  as  follows : 

Ludlow-Carter,  of  Virginia,  producing : 

3  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  2  presi- 
dents, 7  governors,  3  U.  S.  senators,  1  minister  and 
1  ambassador  to  England,  1  ambassador  to  Italy, 
and  the  commander-in-chief  C.  S.  A. 

Taylor,  of  Virginia,  producing : 

2  presidents,  2  governors,  1  member  of  Congress,  1 
U.  S.  senator,  1  minister  to  ^lexico  and  the  wife  of 
the  president  of  the  Confederacy. 

Lee,  of  Virginia,  producing: 

1  president,  1  U.  S.  senator,  1  state  senator,  1  member 
of  Congress,  1  representative  to  the  Continental 
Congress,  1  acting  governor,  4  celebrated  generals. 


GENEALOGICAL     CHARTS  61 

Laiharn-Dungan-Clarke,  of  Rhode  Island,  producinsr: 
10  governors,  14  deputy  governors. 

Lawrence,  of  New  England,  producing : 

1  president,  2  governors,  1  lieutenant  governor,  4  mem- 

bers of  Congress,  1  secretary  of  war,  ]  U.  S.  sena- 
tor, 2  state  senators,  3  mayors,  1  rear  admiral 
U.  S.  N.,  1  justice  Supreme  Court,  1  commodore 
U.  S.  N.,  1  Indian  commissioner,  3  diplomatic  rep- 
resentatives, 1  benefactor,  1  orator. 

Arnold,  of  Rhode  Island,  producing: 

5  governors,  2  chief  justices,  1  U.  S.  senator,  1  signer 
Declaration  of  Independence,  1  commodore  U.  S.  N., 
1  celebrated  general  in  the  Revolution. 

Greene,  of  Rhode  Island,  producing: 

3  governors,  2  lieutenant-governors,  1  deputy  gover- 
nor, 3  U.  S.  senators,  1  attorney  general,  1  U.  S. 
consul,  2  historians.  1  author,  1  celebrated  general 
in  the  Revolution. 

Field,  of  New  England,  producing : 

2  justices  Supreme  Court  U.  S.,  2  chief  justices.  Su- 
preme Court  of  California,  1  chief  justice  Supreme 
Court  of  Iowa,  1  U.  S.  senator.  1  attorney  general. 
1  author,  who  compiled  law  codes  adopted  by  27 
States,  the  layer  of  the  Atlantic  cable,  1  captain  of 
industry,  1  governor  of  Newfoundland,  Jamaica, 
etc, 

Clinton,  of  New  York,  producing: 

1  vice-president,  2  governors.  1  brigadier  general,  1 
commander-in-chief  in  the  Revolution. 

Richardson,  of  South  Carolina,  producing: 

6  governors. 

Wanton,  of  Rhode  Island,  producing: 

4  governors. 

Wentworth,  of  New  Hampshire,  producing: 

2  governors,  2  lieutenant-governors,  4  councillors,  12 
members  of  state  legislatures,  1  delegate  to  the 
Continental  Congress,  1  member  of  Congress,  1 
mayor,  3  authors. 


62       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Dudley,  of  Massachusetts,  producing : 

5  governors,  1  justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  1  univer- 
sity president,  1  signer  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, 1  editor  historical  publication,  1  noted  clergy- 
man, 1  orator. 

Edwards,  of  New  England,  producing : 

1  president,  1  vice-president,  1  governor,  1  chief  jus- 
tice. 2  founders  law  schools,  16  presidents  of  uni- 
versities, etc.,  1  author. 

Kimltal],  of  New  England,  producing: 

1  vice-president,  2  governors,  1  lieutenant-governor, 
14  state  senators,  51  members  of  state  legislatures^ 
2  justices,  1  chief  justice.  1  attorney  general,  1  U.  S. 
district  attorney,  11  captains  of  industry,  1  univer- 
sity president,  1  university  chancellor,  2  founders 
of  academies,  1  president  school  for  girls,  6  authors. 
6  publishers,  1  sculptor,  1  explorer,  1  state  chemist, 
1  member  state  constitutional  convention,  1  rear 
admiral  U.  S.  N.,  1  director  U.  S.  Mint,  5  U.  S, 
consuls,  1  chief  signal  officer  U,  S.  A.,  1  U,  S.  cus- 
toms expert. 

Kimball,  of  New  England,  producing : 

152  soldiers  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  of  v>-hoTu  27 
were  officers. 

Chart  21. — A  study  on  one  American  family,  showing  en;inent 
descendants  within  150  years  after  the  death  of  the  ast-endant. 
prepared  by  Hon.  Boutwell  Dunlap,  as  follows: 

Johti  Presfon,  of  Virginia,  producing: 

31  men,  among  whom  there  were  1  vice-president:  4 
cabinet  officers;  1  Confederate  cabinet  officer;  0 
U.  S.  senators;  1  Confederate  senator;  5  governors 
(one  of  2  territories)  ;  15  eongressaien ;  1  member 
of  Continental  Congress;  1  Confederate  congress- 
man; 3  foreign  ministers;  2  generals  in  war  of  1812; 
4  generals.;  5  Confederate  generals. 

19  women,  among  whom  were  the  wives  of  1  presi- 
dent; 1  cabinet  officer;  5  U.  S.  senators;  7  gover- 
nors ;  5  congressmen ;  2  foreign  ministers ;  1  ad- 
miral; 1  general  in  war  of  1812;  4  generals;  4  Con- 
federate generals. 


GENEALOGY  AND  EUGENICS 


THE  RELATIONSHIP  BETWEEN  GENEA- 
LOGY AND  EUGENICS. 


By  PAUL   POPENOE. 

OF   THK   AMKRICAN  GEXKTIC  SOCIETY. 
EDITOR  OF    "journal,  of  HEREDITY" 


Scientific  plant  breeders  today  have  learned  that  their  success 
often  depends  on  the  care  with  which  they  study  the  genealogy  of 
their  plants. 

Livestock  breeders  admit  that  their  profession  is  on  a  sure 
scientific  basis  only  to  the  extent  that  the  genealogy  of  the  animal 
used  is  known. 

Human  genealogy  is  one  of  tJie  oldest  manifestations  of  man's 
intellectual  activity,  but  until  recently  it  has  been  subservient  to 
sentimental  purposes,  or  pursued  from  historical  or  legal  motives. 
Biology  has  had  no  place  in  it. 

Genealogy,  however,  has  not  altogether  escaped  the  re-examina- 
tion which  all  sciences  received  after  the  Darwinian  movement  revo- 
lutionized modern  thought.  Numerous  v.'ays  have  been  pointed  out 
in  which  the  science — for  genealogy  h  certainly  a  science— could  be 
•brought  into  line  with  the  nev/  way  of  looking  at  man  and  his 
world.  The  field  of  genealogy  has  already  been  invaded  at  many 
points  by  biologists,  seeking  the  furtherance  of  their  ov\-n  aims. 

I  propose  to  discuss  briefij''  the  relations  between  the  conven- 
tional genealogy  and  the  modern  application  of  biological  principles 
to  every-day  life  vrhich,  as  it  is  here  viewed,  may  be  broadly  de- 
scribed by  the  name  Eugenics,  "good  breeding."  It  may  be  that 
genealogy  could  become  an  even  more  valuable  branch  of  human 
kuov^'ledge  that  it  now  is,  if  it  were  more  closely  aligned  with 
biology.  In  order  to  tlirow  light  on  this  possibility,  we  must 
inquire : 

(1)  What  is  genealogy? 

(2)  What  does  it  now  attempt  to  do? 

(3)  What  faults  appear,  from  the  engenist's  standpoint,  to 
t'xist  in  its  present  methods? 

(4)  What  additions  should  be  made  to  its  present  methods? 

(5)  What  can  be  expected  of  it,  aft«r  it  is  revised  in  accord- 
ance with  the  ideas  of  the  eugenist? 

The  answer  to  the  first  question,  "Wliat  is  genealogy?"  need 
not  detain  me  long,  for  you  are  already  more  familiar  with  it 
than  I  am.  Genealogy  may  be  envisaged  from  several  points.  It 
serves  history.     It  has  a  legal  function,  which  is  probably  of  more 


64       IXTERXATIOXAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

consequence  abroad  than  in  America.  It  has  social  significance, 
in  bolstering  family  pride  and  creating  a  feeling  of  family  solidarity 
— this  is  perhaps  its  chief  office  in  the  United  States.  It  has,  or 
can  have,  biological  significance,  and  this  in  two  ways:  either  in 
relation  to  the  pure  science  or  the  applied  science.  In  connection 
with  pure  science,  its  function  is  to  furnish  us  means  for  getting 
a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  heredity.  In  application,  its  function 
is  to  furnish  a  knowledge  of  the  inherited  characters  of  any  given 
individual,  in  order  to  make  it  possible  for  the  individual  to 
marry  wisely.  It  is  obvious  that  the  use  of  genealogy  in  the 
applied  science  of  eugenics  is  dependent  on  the  preceding  use  of 
it  in  the  pure  branch  of  the  science ;  for  marriage  matings  which 
take  account  of  heredity  cannot  be  made  unless  the  laws  of  heredity 
have  previously  been  discovered. 

True  Worth  of  Genealogy. 

The  historical,  social,  legal  and  other  aspects  of  genealogy  do 
not  concern  the  present  paper.  I  shall  discuss  only  the  biological 
aspect :  firstly,  because  I  am  incompetent  to  discuss  the  others ;  and 
secondly,  because  I  hold  that  the  biological  conception  has  by 
far  the  greatest  true  value,  accepting  the  criterion  of  value  as  that 
which  furthers  the  progressive  evolution  of  the  race.  By  this  cri- 
terion, I  believe  the  historical,  legal  and  social  aspects  of  genealogy 
are  of  secondary  importance ;  the  greatest  worth  it  can  possibly 
have  is  in  co-operation  with  biology.  This  definition  may  appear  to 
be  a  begging  of  the  question  of  my  whole  paper;  I  shall  attempt 
to  justify  it  farther  on. 

(2)  Genealogy  now  too  often  pretends  to  be  an  end  in  itself. 
It  can,  of  course,  be  looked  upon  as  an  end  in  itself,  but  I  believe 
that  it  will  be  recognized  as  a  science  of  much  greater  value  to  the 
world  if  it  is  admitted  to  be  not  an  end,  but  a  means  to  a  far 
greater  end  that  it  alone  can  supply. 

It  has  indeed,  been  contended,  even  by  such  an  authority  as 
Ottokar  Lorenz,'  who  is  often  considered  tlie  father  of  modern 
scientific  genealogy,  that  a  knowledge  of  his  own  ancestry  will 
tell  each  individual  exactly  what  he  himself  is.  This,  as  I  under- 
stand it,  is  the  basis  of  Lorenz'  valuation  of  genealogy.  It  is  a 
step  in  the  right  direction;  but 

(3)  The  present  methods  of  genealogy  are  inadequate  to  sup- 
port such  a  claim.  Its  methods  are  still  based  on  the  historical, 
legal  and  social  functions,  and  it  has  not  yet  begun,  save  in  a  few 
instances,  to  realize  its  almost  incomparable  opportunity  for  the 
betterment  of  mankind.  Let  me  indicate  just  a  few  of  the  faults 
of  method  in  genealog,y,  which  the  eugenist  most  deplores: 

(a)  The  information  which  is  of  most  value  is  exactly  that 
which  genealogy  does  not  furnish.  Dates  of  birth,  death  and  mar- 
riage of  an  ancestor  are  of  interest,  but  rarelj'^  of  real  biological 


GEXEALOGY     AND     EUGENICS  65 

value.  Tilt'  facts  about  that  ancestor  which  vitally  concern  his 
living  descendant  are  the  facts  of  his  character,  physical  and 
mental ;  and  these  facts  are  given  in  very  few  genealogies. 

Data  Usually  Incomplete. 

(b)  Genealogies  are  coniiiionly  too  incomplete  to  be  of  real 
value.  Sometimes  they  deal  only  with  the  direct  male  line  of 
ascent — what  animal  breeders  call  the  tail-m.ail.  In  this  case  it 
is  not  too  much  to  say  that  th^y  are  quite  devoid  of  genuine  value. 
Fortunately  American  genealogies  do  not  often  go  to  this  extreme, 
but  it  is  not  uncommon  for  them  to  deal  only  with  the  direct 
ancestors  of  the  individual,  omitting  all  brothers  and  sisters  of 
those  ancestors.  Although  this  simplifies  the  work  of  the  geneal- 
ogist inmiensely.  it  deprives  it  of  value  to  a  corresponding  degree. 

(c)  As  the  purpose  of  genealogy  in  this  country  has  been 
largely  social,  it  is  to  be  feared  that  in  too  many  eases  discredit- 
able ciata  have  been  tacitly  omitted  from  the  records.  The  anti- 
social individual,  the  feeble-minded,  the  insane,  the  alcoholic,  the 
"generally  no-count,"  has  been  glossed  over.  Such  a  lack  of 
candor  is*  not  in  accord  with  the  scientific  spirit,  and  makes  one 
uncertain,  in  the  use  of  genealogies,  to  what  extent  he  is  really 
getting  all  the  facts.  There  are  few  families  of  any  size  which 
have  not  one  such  member  or  more,  not  many  generations  removed. 
To  attemjit  to  conceal  the  fact  is  an  action  of  doubtful  ethical 
propriety;  but  from  the  eugenist's  point  of  view,  at  any  rate,  it 
is  a  falsification  of  records  that  must  be  regarded  with  great 
disapproval. 

(d)  Even  if  the  information  it  furnishes  were  more  com- 
plete, human  genealogy  would  not  justify  the  claims  sometimes 
made  for  it  as  a  science,  because,  to  use  a  biological  phrase,  "the 
matings  are  not  controlled."  We  see  the  results  of  a  certain 
experiment,  but  we  cannot  interpret  them  unless  we  know  w-hat 
the  result  would  have  been  had  the  precedent  conditions  been 
varied  in  this  way  or  in  that  way.  We  can  make  these  controlled 
experiments  in  our  plant  and  animal  breeding;  we  have  been 
making  them  by  the  thousand,  by  the  hundred  thousand,  for  many 
years.  We  cannot  make  them  in  human  society.  Of  course,  we 
don't  want  to:  but  the  point  on  which  I  wish  to  insist  is  that  the 
biological  meaniug  of  human  history,  the  real  import  of  genealogy 
can  only  be  interpreted  in  the  light  of  modern  plant  and  animal 
breeding.  It  is  absolutely-  necessary  that  g-enealogy  go  into 
partnership  with  genetics,  the  general  science  of  heredity:  that  it 
do  not  consider  itself  cheapened  by  an  alliance  with  the  plant 
and  animal  breeders.  If  a  spirit  of  false  pride  lead  it  to  hold 
Bloof  from  these  experiments,  it  will  make  slow  progress.  The 
interpretation  of  genealogy  iu  the  light  of  modern  research  in 
heredity,  through  the  experinumtal  breeding  of  plants  and  animals 
is  full  "of  hope;  without  such  light,  it  is  almost  hopeless. 


66       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

Genealogists  are  usually  proud  of  their  pedigrees;  they  usually 
have  a  right  to  be.  But  I  beg  of  you,  do  not  let  your  pride  lead 
you  to  scorn  the  pedigrees  of  some  of  the  peas,  and  corn  and  snap- 
dragons, and  sugar  beets,  and  bulldogs,  and  Shorthorn  cattle,  with 
which  genetists  have  been  working  during  the  last  generation ;  for 
these  humble  pedigrees  may  throw  more  light  on  your  ov>-n  than  a 
century  of  research  in  purely  human  material. 

Biology  Necessary. 

Your  science  will  not  have  full  meaning  and  full  value  to  you 
unless  you  bring  yourselves  to  look  on  men  and  women  as  organisms 
subject  to  the  same  laws  of  heredity  and  variation  as  other  living 
things.  Biologists  were  not  long  ago  told  that  it  was  essential  for 
them  to  learn  to  think  like  genealogists.  It  is  excellent  advice, 
and  if  I  were  speaking  to  biologists,  I  would  repeat  it.  As  I  am 
speaking  to  genealogists,  I  say  with  equal  conviction  that  it  is 
essential  for  genealogists  to  learn  to  think  like  biologists.  For  the 
purpose  of  eugenics,  neither  science  is  complete  without  the  other; 
and  I  think  it  is  not  invidious  for  me  to  say  that  biologists  liave 
been  quicker  to  recognize  this  than  have  genealogists.  The  Golden 
Age  of  your  science  is  yet  to  come. 

(4)  In  addition  to  the  correction  of  these  faulty  methods, 
there  are  certain  extensions  of  genealogical  method  which  could 
advantageously  be  m^ade  without  great  difficulty,  I  think. 

(a)  More  written  records  should  be  kept,  and  less  dependence 
placed  on  oral  communication.  The  obsolescent  family  Bible,  with 
its  chronicle  of  births,  deaths  and  marriage'^,  is  an  institution  of 
too  great  value  to  be  given  up,  in  more  ways  than  one.  In  the 
TTnited  States  we  have  not  the  advantage  of  much  of  the  machinery 
of  state  registration  which  European  genealogy  enjoys,  and  it  should 
be  a  matter  of  pride  with  every  family  to  keep  its  own  archives. 

(b)  Family  trees  should  be  kept  in  more  detail,  including  all 
brothers  and  sisters  in  every  family,  no  matter  at  what  age  they 
(lied,  and  including  as  many  collaterals  as  possilile.  This  means 
more  work  for  the  genealogist,  but  the  results  will  repay  him. 

(c)  More  family  traits  should  be  marked.  Those  at  present 
recorded  are  mostly  of  a  social  or  economic  nature  and  are  of  little 
real  significance  after  the  death  of  their  possessor.  But  the  traits 
of  his  mind  and  body  are  likely  to  go  on  to  his  descendants  in- 
definitely. These  are  the  facts  of  his  life  on  which  we  should 
focus  our  attention.  How  this  can  be  most  conveniently  done  I 
shall  discuss  later. 

(d)  More  pictorial  data  should  be  added.  Photographs  of 
the  members  of  the  family,  at  all  ages,  should  be  carefully  pre- 
served. They  are  often  of  inestimable  value.  Measurements  equally 
deserve  attention.  The  door  jamb  is  not  a  satisfactorj'-  place  for 
recording  the  heights  of  children,  particularly  in  this  day  when 


GENEALOGY  AXD  EUGENICS  67 

real  estate  so  often  changes  hands.  Complete  anthropometric  meas- 
urements, such  as  every  member  of  the  Young  IMen's  Christian 
Association,  most  college  students,  and  many  other  people  are 
obliged  to  undergo  once  or  periodically,  should  be  placed  on  file. 

(e)  Pedigrees  should  be  traced  upward  from  a  living  indi- 
vidual, rather  than  down-ward  from  some  hero  long  since  dead. 
Of  course,  the  ideal  method  would  be  to  combine  these  two,  or  to 
keep  duplicate  pedigrees,  one  a  table  of  ascendants  and  the  other 
of  descendants,  in  the  same  stock.  Tliis  plan  is  not  too  laborious 
to  use,  in  many  cases;  the  coni])ined  tables,  which  show  all  the 
relatives  of  an  individual,  although  attractive  to  the  investigator, 
are  too  complicated  ever  to  become  popular,  I  suspect. 

The  Ideai/  Genealogy. 

Genealogical  data  of  the  kind  Ave  need,  however,  cannot  be 
reduced  to  a  mere  table  or  family  tree.  The  ideal  genealogy,  as 
described  by  Davenport,"  starts  with  a  whole  fraternity — the  indi- 
vidual who  is  making  it,  and  all  his  brothers  or  sisters.  It  describes 
fully  each  member  of  this  fraternity.  "It  then  describes  each  mem- 
ber of  the  fraternity  to  which  the  father  belongs  and  gives  some 
account  of  their  consorts  (if  married)  and  their  children.  It  does 
the  same  for  the  maternal  fraternity.  Next  it  considers  the  fra- 
ternity to  which  the  father's  father  belongs,  considers  their  con- 
sorts, their  children  and  grandchildren,  and  it  does  the  same  for 
the  fraternities  to  which  the  father's  mother  belongs.  It  were 
more  significant  thus  to  study  in  detail  the  behavior  of  all  the 
available  product  of  the  germ-plasras  involved  in  the  makeup  of  the 
first  fraternity  than  to  weld  a  chain  or  two  of  links  through  six  or 
seven  generations.  A  genealogy  constructed  on  such  a  plan  would 
give  a  clear  picture  of  heredity,  would  be  useful  for  the  prediction 
of  the  characteristics  of  the  generations  yet  unborn,  and  would, 
indeed,  aid  in  bringing  about  better  matings. " 

(5)  With  these  changes,  genealogy  would  become  the  study  of 
heredity,  rather  than  the  study  of  lineage.  Perhaps  you  will  not 
all  agree  that  this  would  be  a  desirable  change;  but  I  think  if 
you  can  once  get  the  biological,  the  eugenic  point  of  view,  you  will 
realize  that  any  other  field  for  genealogy  is  too  narrow. 

I  do  not  mean  to  say  that  the  study  of  heredity  is  nothing  more 
than  applied  genealogy.  As  we  understand  it  nowadays,  it  includes 
mathematical  and  biological  territory  which  must  always  be  foreign 
to  genealogy.  I  shoidd  prefer  to  put  it  this  way :  That  in  so  far  as 
man  is  concerned,  heredity  is  the  interpretation  of  genealogy,  and 
eugenics  the  application  of  heredity.  But  I  do  mean  to  say  that 
genealogy  should  give  its  students  a  vision  of  the  species  as  a  great 
group  of  ever-changing,  inter-related  organisms,  a  great  network 
originating  in  the  obscurity  of  the  past,  stretching  forward  into  the 
obscurity  of  the  future,  every  individual  in  it  organically  related 


68      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

to  every  other,  and  all  of  them  the  heritors  of  the  past  in  a  xer\' 
real  sense. 

No  one  is  so  well  fitted  as  the  genealogist  to  realize  the  solemn 
grandeur  of  Weissman's  doctrine  that  the  germ-plasm  is  continu- 
ous from  the  beginning  of  existence  on  this  world,  to  the  now  un- 
seen end.  Our  bodies,  as  you  all  have  heard,  are  made  up  of  two 
parts :  this  mass  of  highly  differentiated  cells  which  represents  the 
man  or  woman,  and  which  are  destined  to  die  when  the  individual 
shall  have  completed  his  three  score  years  and  ten,  more  or  less; 
and  within,  the  little  mass  of  germ-cells,  the  undifferentiated,  im- 
mortal, or,  at  least,  potentially  immortal  carriers  of  the  heritage 
of  the  race.  Generation  after  generation  this  germ-plasm  goes  on 
dividing;  from  parent  to  child  it  is  passed  on,  unchanged  save  by 
the  addition  at  each  generation  of  a  new  line  from  the  second 
parent.  The  body  dies,  but  if  the  individual  has  left  posterity,  the 
germ-plasm  lives  after  him.  Immortality  is,  in  this  sense  at  least,  a 
very  real  thing  to  the  biologist;  and  I  believe  the  genealogist  would 
see  a  new  meaning  in  his  work  if  he  kept  the  same  conception  in 
mind. 

Importance  op  Individuals. 

Genealogy  does  well  in  giving  a  realization  of  the  importance 
of  the  family,  but  it  errs  if  it  bases  this  teaching  altogether  on  the 
family  pride  in  some  remote  ancestor  who,  even  though  he  bore  the 
family  name  and  was  a  prodigy  of  virtues,  probably  counts  for  little 
or  nothing  in  the  individual's  make-up  today.  Let  me  take  a  con- 
crete though  wholly  imaginary  illustration:  what  man  would  not 
feel  a  certain  satisfaction  in  being  a  lineal  descendant  of  George 
Washington?  And  yet,  if  we  place  the  Father  of  his  Country  at 
only  four  removes  from  the  living  individual,  nothing  is  more 
certain  than  that  our  hypothetical  living  individual  had  fifteen 
other  ancestors  in  George  Washington's  generation,  any  one  of 
whom  may  play  as  great  or  greater  a  part  in  his  ancestry;  and  so 
remote  are  they  all  that,  on  statistical  grounds  alone,  it  is  calculated' 
that  the  contribution  of  George  Washington  to  the  ancestry  of  our 
hypothetical  living  individual  would  be  perhaps  not  more  than 
one-third  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  total. 

I  do  not  mean  to  disparage  descent  from  a  famous  man  or 
woman.  It  is  a  matter  of  legitimate  pride  and  congratulation. 
But  claims  for  respect  made  on  that  ground  alone  are,  from  a 
biological  point  of  view,  usually  contemptible,  if  the  hero  is  several 
generations  removed.  What  Sir  Francis  Gallon  wrote'  of  the 
peers  of  England  may,  with  slight  reserves,  be  given  general  appli- 
cation to  the  descendants  of  famous  people : 

"An  old  peerage  is  a  valueless  title  to  natural  gifts,  except  so 
far  as  it  may  have  been  furbished  up  by  a  succession  of  wise  inter- 
marriages. ...  I  cannot  think  of  any  claim  to  respect,  put  forward 
in  modern  days,  that  is  so  entirely  an  imposture,  as  that  made  by 


GENEALOGY  AND  EUGENICS  €9 

a  peer  on  the  ground  of  descent,  Avho  has  neither  been  nobly  edu- 
cated, nor  has  any  eminent  kinsman  within  three  degrees." 

But,  some  one  may  protest,  am  I  not  shattering  the  very  edifice 
ot"  which  I  am  a  professed  defender,  in  thus  denying  the  force  of 
heredity?  Not  at  all.  I  wish  merely  to  emphasize  that  a  man  has 
sixteen  great-great-grandparents,  instead  of  one,  and  that  we  too 
often  overlook  those  in  the  maternal  lines,  although  from  a  biologi- 
cal point  of  view  they  are  every  bit  as  important  as  those  in  the 
paternal  lines.  And  I  wish  further  to  emphasize  the  point  that  it 
is  the  near  relatives  who,  on  the  whole,  represent  what  we  are.  The 
great  family  which  for  a  generation  or  two  makes  unwise  marriages, 
nmst  live  on  its  past  reputation  and  see  the  work  of  the  world  done 
and  the  prizes  carried  away  by  the  children  of  wiser  matings.  No 
family  can  maintain  its  place  merely  by  the  power  of  inertia.  Every 
Tuarriage  that  a  member  of  the  family  makes  is  a  matter  of  vital 
euncern  to  the  future  of  the  family:  and  this  is  one  of  the  lessons 
which  a  broad  science  of  genealogy  should  inculcate  in  every  youth. 

Qualifications  F(3r  Work. 

Is  it  practicable  to  direct  genealogy  on  this  slightly  different 
line?  As  to  that,  I  must  allow  you  to  judge;  it  would  be  pre- 
sumptuous for  me  to  express  an  opinion.  Let  me  recall,  however, 
the  qualifications  which  old  Professor  William  Chauncey  Fowler 
laid  down'  as  essential  for  a  successful  genealogist: 

Love  of  kindred. 

Love  of  investigation. 

Active  imagination. 

Sound  and  disciplined  judgment. 

Conscientious  regard  to  truth. 

A  retentive  memory. 

A  pleasing  style  as  a  writer. 
With  such  qualifications  one  can  go  far,  and  I  venture  to  ex- 
press the  opinion  that  one  who  possesses  them  has  only  to  fix  his 
attention  upon  the  biological  aspect  of  genealogy  to  become  con- 
vinced that  his  science  is  only  part  of  a  science  as  long  as  it  ignores 
eugenics.  After  all,  nothing  more  is  necessary  than  a  slight  change 
in  the  point  of  view:  and  if  genealogists  can  adopt  this  new  point 
of  view,  can  add  to  their  equipment  some  familiarity  with  the 
fundamental  principles  of  biology  as  they  apply  to  man  and  are 
laid  down  in  the  science  of  eugenics,  I  am  firmly  of  the  conviction 
that  the  value  of  the  science  of  genealogy  to  the  world  will  be  in- 
creased at  least  five  fold  within  a  generation. 

Let  us  examine  a  little  more  closely  what  can  be  expected  from 
a  genealogy  with  eugenic  foundation. 

First  and  foremost  it  will  give  genetics  a  chance  to  advance  with 
rapidity  in  its  study  of  man.  Genetics,  the  study  of  heredity,  can- 
not successfully  proceed  by  direct  observation  in  the  human  species, 
as  it  does  with  plants  and  rapidly-breeding  animals,  because  the 


70      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OP  GENEALOGY 

generations  are  too  long.  Less  than  three  generations  are  of  little 
value  for  our  researches,  and  even  three  can  rarely  be  observed  to 
advantage  by  any  one  person.  Therefore,  second-hand  information 
must  be  used.  So  far  we  have  gained  most  of  this  by  sending  field- 
workers — a  new  kind  of  genealogist — out  among  the  people  in  whom 
we  are  interested  and  having  them  collect  the  information  we 
wanted,  either  by  study  of  extant  records  or  by  word  of  mouth. 
But  the  w^ritten  records  of  value  have  been  usually  negligible  in 
quantity,  and  oral  communication  has  therefore  been  our  main- 
stay. It  has  not  been  wholly  satisfactory.  Few  people — aside 
from  genealogists — can  give  even  the  names  of  all  their  great- 
grandparents,  far  less  can  they  tell  anything  of  importance  about 
them. 

It  is  thus  to  genealogy  that  we  are  driven.  Unless  we  have 
family  records,  we  can  accomplish  little.  And  we  cannot  get  these 
family  records  unless  you  genealogists  realize  the  importance  of 
furnishing  them ;  for  as  I  have  already  pointed  out,  and  as  I  wish  to 
emphasize,  genealogies  at  present  available  are  of  little  value  to 
genetics  because  of  the  inadequacy  of  the  data  they  furnish.  It  is 
only  in  the  case  of  exceptional  families,  such  as  the  royal  houses 
of  Europe,  that  enough  information  is  given  about  each  individual 
to  furnish  an  opportunity  for  analysis.  What  could  be  done  if 
there  were  more  such  data  available,  is  brilliantly  illustrated  by  the 
investigation"  by  Dr.  Frederick  Adams  Woods  of  Boston  of  the 
reigning  houses  of  Europe.  I  commend  his  writing  to  every  geneal- 
ogist as  a  source  of  inspiration  as  well  as  information. 

Hope  for  Quick  Results. 

To  get  more  such  data  we  must  look  to  the  future.  We  must 
begin  at  once  to  keep  our  family  records  in  such  a  way  that  they 
will  be  of  the  greatest  value  possible — that  they  will  serve  not  only 
family  pride,  but  bigger  purposes.  It  will  not  take  long  to  get 
together  a  large  number  of  family  histories  in  which  the  idea  will 
be  to  tell  as  much  as  possible,  instead  of  as  little  as  possible,  about 
every  individual  mentioned.  Let  me  run  over  a  few  of  the  problems 
on  which  such  genealogies  woidd  throw  light. 

There  is  the  important  problem  of  the  inheritance  of  longevity. 
Karl  Pearson  showed'  some  years  ago,  by  advanced  statistical 
methods,  that  longevity  is  inheritable.  Dr.  Alexander  Graham  Bell, 
whose  investigation  of  the  ancestry  of  congenital  deaf  persons  at 
Martha's  Vineyard  and  elsewhere,  more  than  a  generation  ago, 
was  one  of  the  first  pieces  of  biological  genealogy  executed  in  this 
country,  and  indubitably  established  the  heritable  nature  of  congen- 
ital deafness' — Dr.  Bell  is  now  working  on  the  published  history  of 
the  Hyde  Family  in  the  United  States  and  analyzing  it  from  many 
points  of  view  to  bring  to  light  the  ways  in  which  longevity  is 
inherited.  It  is  obvious  that  this  trait  is  a  particularly  easy  one 
for  investigation,  because  we  need  to  know  nothing  more  than  the 


GENEALOGY     AND     EUGENICS  71 

dates  on  which  an  individual  and  his  parents  were  born  and  died. 
Certainly  a  genealogy  that  does  not  tell  so  much  must  be  con- 
sidered defective,  and  yet  of  the  8,000  or  more  persons  listed  in 
the  Hyde  genealogy,  there  are  less  than  3,000  for  whom  these  data 
are  complete. 

Longevity  being  due  more  to  heredity  than  to  anything  els^e, 
it  is  obvious,  as  Dr.  Bell  has  clearly  pointed  out,  that  it  is  a  trait 
of  which  families  may  well  be  proud,  if  it  runs  consistently  in 
their  stock.  And  as  we  eugenists  try  as  far  as  possible  to  put  our 
knowledge  to  practical  use,  he  has  also  pointed  out  that  it  is  very 
desirable  for  a  young  man  or  young  woman  to  marry  into  a 
family  possessing  that  trait,  since  it  is  a  good  indication  of  general 
soundness  of  constitution  and  physical  vigor.  Families  in  whose 
ancestry  longevity  is  a  characteristic,  can  well  afford  to  make  the 
fact  known,  and  take  pride  in  alliance  with  other  worthy  families 
similarly  endowed. 

Such  a  mating,  like  with  like,  is  technically  known  to  us  as 
assortative.  It  used  to  be  supposed  that  people  tended  to  marry 
their  opposites — the  blonde  and  the  brunette,  the  short  and  the  tall. 
The  use  of  exact  methods  in  eugenics  has  demonstrated  that  the 
reverse  is  the  case,  and  that  for  almost  every  measureable  trait 
there  is  distinct  evidence  of  assortative  mating."  That  such  a  fact  is 
of  great  value  to  the  race,  when  the  character  involved  is  one  of 
so  much  importance  as  longevity,  is  obvious,  and  the  tendency 
should  be  encouraged.  Genealogy  can  give  much  help  in  this 
connection. 

The  Determination  of  Sex. 

There  are  certain  phases  of  the  always  interesting  problem  of 
sex-determination  on  which  genealogy  can  easily  throw  light.  It 
has  sometimes  been  asserted  that  the  age  of  the  parents  influences 
the  sex  of  the  offspring.  We  do  not  know  that  this  is  so.  but  with 
the  help  of  genealogy  we  can  find  out. 

Another  question  of  great  practical  importance,  on  which  we 
seek  information,  relates  to  the  posterity  of  men  of  genius.  Is 
there  any  truth  in  the  idea  that  their  mental  activity  tends  to  use 
up  their  vital  force,  with  the  result  that  they  are  either  sterile  or 
leave  posterity  of  mediocre  quality  ?  The  idea  does  not  sound  con- 
vincing, but  we  shall  not  dismiss  it  dogmatically,  we  shall  appeal 
to  genealogy  for  data  on  which  to  dispose  of  it  definitely.  Of  course 
the  alleged  fact  here  must  not  be  confused  with  the  well-known  fact 
of  regression,  formvdated  as  a  mathematical  law  by  Galton.  We 
know  that,  on  tlie  average,  the  cliildren  of  superior  parents  will 
tend  to  be  inferior  to  their  parents,  and  the  children  of  parents 
who  are  below  normal  will  tend  to  be  a  little  better  than  their 
parents.  This  is  due  to  the  vast  bulk  of  their  remote  ancestry,  most 
of  which  is  necessarily  average,  or  as  the  statistician  puts  it, 
mediocre.     Tlie  drag  of  this  more  remote  heredity  tends  to  pull 


72       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

every  child  toward  mediocrity,  or  the  mean,  the  average  of  the 
race.  I  must  emphasize  the  fact  that  this  is  purely  a  statistical  law, 
applying  only  to  a  quantity  of  cases,  and  is  frequently  untrue  for 

individual  cases. 

The  results  of  early,  as  compared  with  late  marriage,  offer  an- 
other big  problem  in  the  solution  of  which  we  need  your  help. 

That  the  first-born  children  are,  on  the  whole,  inferior  to  the 
brothers  or  sisters  who  come  after  them,  has  been  asserted  in  recent 
years,  and  the  assertion  has  been  supported  by  a  good  deal  of 
evidence.  It  is  highly  important  that  a  much  greater  body  of 
evidence  be  brought  together  on  this  point,  and  here  genealogy  can 
aid  with  very  little  trouble.  Unfortunately  it  is  not  uncommon  to 
find  in  the  earlier  generations  of  a  family  tree  that  the  exact  birth- 
rank  of  the  various  children  is  not  designated ;  nor  is  account  always 
made  of  infant  deaths  or  still-births,  as  should  certainly  be  done 
in  every  case. 

The  question  of  consanguineous  marriage  is  one  in  w^hich  every 
genealogist  is  certain  to  have  taken  an  interest,  merely  because  of 
the  doubling  up  of  a  name  in  his  chart,  if  not  from  a  biological 
point  of  view.  Until  recently  the  question  of  the  marriage  of  kin 
was  debated  largely  by  an  appeal  to  dogma.  I  dare  say  every 
genealogist  has  seen  cases  where  the  marriage  of  first  cousins  was 
followed  by  good  progeny,  and  equally  cases  where  the  result  was 
bad.  There  is  plenty  of  evidence  of  that  sort  to  be  had  on  both 
sides.  I  think  it  is  safe  to  say  that  genetics  ^has  established  the 
status  of  consanguineous  marriage  beyond  all  dispute.  It  certainly 
is  not  bad  in  itself,  although  first  cousins  are  forbidden  by  law  to 
marry  in  a  third  of  the  States  of  the  Union."  It  simply  results 
in  a  doubling  up  of  the  traits  which  the  two  may  have  in  common. 
If  these  traits  are  good,  the  children  get  a  double  dose  of  them,  and 
will  be  more  highly  endowed  than  their  parents.  If  the  traits  are 
bad,  the  children  equally  get  a  double  dose  of  them,  and  may  far 
surpass  their  parents  in  worthlessness,  or  in  the  prominence  of  any 
particular  defect.  The  general  conclusion  is  clear  to  us ;  marriages 
between  cousins  or  other  relatives  of  equal  consanguinity  should  not 
be  condemned  offhand,  but  the  facts  should  be  taken  into  consider- 
ation in  each  individual  case.  And  it  should  be  borne  in  mind,  of 
course,  that  a  trait  may  be  latent  or  concealed  in  each  of  the  cousins, 
but  come  into  expression  in  their  children.  Although  cousin  mar- 
riages, therefore,  should  be  scrutinized  closely,  we  certainly  find 
no  reason  to  forbid  them  when  the  contracting  parties  are  of 
sound  stock. 

Inheritance  of  Disease. 

The  question  of  the  inheritance  of  disease  is  one  of  great  im- 
portance, which  can  be  studied  very  easily  through  genealogy.  Of 
course,  no  one  with  a  knowledge  of  modern  work  in  genetics  now 
believes  that  diseases  are  actually  inherited  as  such;  but  there  is  a 


GENEALOGY     AND     EUGENICS  73 

jrreat  deal  of  fvidence  to  show  that  what  the  doctors  call  "diathesis." 
a  predisposing  tendenc}'  to  some  disease,  may  he  inherited.  Greater 
research  is  urgently  needed  to  Hnd  the  extent  and  limits  of  such 
inheritance,  and  it  is  to  enlightened  genealogy  that  we  must  look 
for  the  solution  of  the  problem — oi-  rather,  problems — since  there 
are  as  many  problems  as  there  are  diseases,  defects  and  abnormali- 
ties. We  must  not  draw  hasty  generalizations,  but  attack  each 
subject  separately.  We  have  pretty  good  evidence,  for  instance, 
that  the  tubercular  diathesis  is  inherited;  that  the  white  plague 
ravages  some  families  and  leaves  others  untouched ;  that  almost  every 
city-dweller,  at  least,  is  at  some  time  or  other  during  his  life  in- 
fected with  phtliisis,  and  whether  lie  resists  or  succumbs  depends  on 
his  heredity.  Herein  lies  guidance  for  those  who  would  marry; 
other  things  being  equal  let  them  avoid  the  weak  stocks,  the  stocks 
known  to  be  marked  with  tuberculosis.  But  because  tuberculosis  is 
thus  a  matter  of  heredity,  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  cancer, 
or  any  other  disease,  is.  We  must  take  nothing  for  gi-anted;  we 
must  find  out  by  examining  man}'  families  in  which  a  given  disease 
or  abnormality  occurs.  And  to  do  this  we  must  depend  on  the 
data  of  genealogy. 

Here,  however,  let  me  utter  an  emphatic  warning  against  super- 
ficial investigation.  The  medical  ])rofession  has  been  particularly 
hasty,  many  times,  in  reporting  cases  which  were  assumed  to  demon- 
strate heredity.  The  child  was  so  and  so;  it  was  found  on  inquiry 
that  the  father  was  also  so  and  so :  i)o.'it  hoc,  ergo  propter  hoc — it 
must  have  been  heredity.  Such  a  method  of  investigation  is  cal- 
culated to  bring  the  science  of  genetics  into  dfsrepute,  and  might 
easily  ruin  the  credit  of  the  science  of  genealogy,  should  genealogy 
allow  itself  to  be  so  misled.  As  a  fact,  one  case  counts  for  practi- 
cally nothing  as  proof  of  hereditary  influence:  even  half  a  dozen 
or  a  dozen  may  be  of  no  significance  Tliere  are  two  ways  in 
which  we  can  analyze  genealogical  data  to  deduce  biological  laws : 
one  is  based  on  the  application  of  higher  mathematics  to  mass 
statistics,  and  needs  some  hundreds  of  cases  to  be  of  value:  the 
other  is  by  pedigree-study,  and  needs  at  least  three  generations  of 
pedigree,  usually  covering  numerous  collaterals,  to  oit'er  any  certain 
results.  Not  all  the  findings  announced  even  by  professional 
eugenists  have  met  one  or  other  of  these  requirements,  and  to  the 
extent  in  which  they  have  fallen  short,  they  ai-e  being  discredited. 
It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  anyone  with  a  sufficiently  complete 
record  of  his  own  ancestr}'  would  necessarily  be  able  by  inspection 
to  deduce  from  it  any  important  contribution  to  science.  But  if 
enough  complete  family  records  are  iiuule  available,  the  professional 
genetist  can  be  called  into  co-operation,  can  supplement  the  human 
record  with  his  knowledge  of  the  results  achieved  by  carefully 
controlled  animal  and  jilant  bi-eeding,  and  between  them  the  geneal- 
ogist and  the  eugeni.st  can  in  most  cases  arrive  at  the  truth.     That 


74       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

such  triitli  is  of  the  highest  importance  to  any  family,  and  equally 
to  society  as  a  whole,  must  be  evident. 

Sex-Linked  Inheritance. 

The  whole  question  of  sex-linked  inheritance  depends  for  its 
solution  on  the  extension  of  genealogical  material.  It  is  often  said 
that  sons  take  after  their  mothers,  while  daughters  tend  to  resemble 
their  fathers.  The  Arabs  and  Hebrews  put  the  same  idea  a  little 
differently,  that  a  son  tends  to  resemble  his  maternal  uncle.  Is 
there  anything  in  these  ideas  ?  In  a  small  way,  there  is  no  mystery 
about  it;  we  know  that  certain  hereditary  traits  are  sex-linked — 
that  they  are  carried  by  one  sex  but  appear  in  the  other.  Thus  it 
is  rare  to  find  women  who  are  color  blind,  but  a  woman  who  does  not 
show  this  defect  herself  may  have  inherited  it  from  her  father, 
who  was  visibly  affected,  and  transmit  it  to  her  sons,  who  will 
also  be  visibly  affected.  Extending  this  principle,  it  is  easy  to 
see  that  a  boy  might  inherit  some  traits  from  his  mother,  which 
his  father  wholly  lacked,  and  that  a  daughter  might  similarly  re- 
ceive exclusive  traits  from  her  father.  Sex-linked  heredity 
in  the  human  race  has  so  far  been  definitely  proved  only  in 
regard  to  color-blindness,  hemophilia  and  a  few  other  abnormal 
conditions;  but  with  the  co-operation  of  the  genealogists  it  is 
probable  that  this  condition,  as  important  as  it  is  interesting,  will 
be  found  to  prevail  more  widely. 

The  problem  of  the  inheritance  of  fecundity  can  obviously  be 
settled  only  through  proper  genealogical  material.  It  is  known 
that  fecundity  is  to  some  extent  an  inherited  characteristic,  although 
doubtless  affected  in  man  largely  hy  outward  circumstances.  The 
voluntary  limitations  of  births,  which  has  become  so  widespread 
during  the  last  generation,  of  course  complicates  the  study  of  this 
subject,  but  there  is,  nevertheless,  room  for  much  W'Ork  of  a 
distinctly  practical  kind.  Obviously  one  of  the  easiest  ways  to  im- 
prove the  general  average  of  the  race  Avould  be  to  have  high 
fecundity  in  the  superior  stocks  and  low  fecundity  in  the  inferior 
ones.  It  is  equalW  obvious  that  if  fecundity  is  associated  with 
inferiority — with  feeble-mindedness,  for  example,  that  disastrous 
results  will  ensue  if  Nature  is  allowed  to  "take  its  course."  The 
genealogist  can  contribute  indispensable  material  for  this  study, 
and  for  the  general  study  of  the  birth-rate  in  various  sections  of 
the  community  at  various  periods — a  study  which  is  the  very  foun- 
dation of  applied  eugenics. 

Frederick  S.  Crum's  work'*  on  published  genealogies  of  New 
England  families  shows  what  can  be  done  in  this  line.  From  his 
material,  Crum  was  able  to  get  figures  for  12,722  wives,  and  he 
found  that  the  number  of  children  per  wife  had  decreased  as  follows : 


GENEALOGY  AND  EUGENICS  75 

1750-1799 6.43 

1800-1849 4.94 

1850-1869 3.47 

1870-1879 2.77 

Before  1700  less  than  2  per  cent,  of  the  wives  had  only  one  child 
each;  nowadays  the  percentage  is  about  20.  The  percentage  of 
wives  in  his  records  who  are  absolutely  childless  has  increased  as 
follows : 

1750-1799 1.88 

1800-1849 4.07 

1850-1869 5.91 

1870-1879 8.10 

He  finds,  on  analysis  of  the  most  recent  material,  that  the  New 
England  wives  of  the  present  day,  representing  the  old  Colonial 
stock,  have  an  average  of  1.92  living  children  each,  while  the  foreign- 
born  mothers  in  the  same  districts  have  3.01.  We  are  accustomed  to 
point  with  pit}''  at  France  as  a  nation  committing  race  suicide,  with 
more  deaths  than  births;  as  a  fact,  the  old  American  stock  in  New 
England  is  dying  out  more  rapidly,  through  race  suicide,  than  is 
the  population  of  France.  Unless  a  change  takes  place  the  stock 
which  has  furnished  most  of  the  genealogies,  and  a  large  part 
of  the  great  men  and  women,  of  America  is  doomed  to  perish. 

The  inheritance  of  the  tendency  to  produce  twins  is  an  inter- 
esting trait,  not  without  practical  as  well  as  theoretical  import- 
ance, which  could  probably  be  solved  were  a  sufficient  number  of 
well-kept  family  trees  made  available  for  study.  It  is  known  that 
t\vinning  is  largely  a  matter  of  heredity,  although  the  exact  man- 
ner in  which  the  tendency  is  inherited  is  still  obscure.  A  good 
example  of  the  danger  of  hasty  generalization  is  furnished  by  the 
announcement  made  by  some  enthusiastic  investigator  a  few  years 
asi'o'''  that  he  had  found  a  number  of  cases  which  made  it  evident 
to  him  that  the  tendency  to  twinning  was  due  to  the  father  rather 
than  the  mother.  As  ordinary  twins  are  due  to  the  production  of 
two  ova  instead  of  one,  and  as  the  production  of  ova  can  hardly 
be  denied  to  be  a  function  of  the  mother  rather  than  the  father, 
the  claim  is  absurd.  Yet  it  is  possible  that  a  tendency  to  twinning 
might  be  sex-linked  and  transmitted  through  a  father  to  his  daugh- 
ters, as  has  recently  been  asserted  to  be  the  case  with  high  egg 
production  in  hens.  Wliatever  the  solution  may  be,  it  still  lies 
hidden  in  pedigrees  which  the  genealogist  will  make,  or  is  already 
making. 

Data  on  All  Traits  Wanted. 

But  this  list  might  grow  interminal)ly :  for  properly  kept  gene- 
alogical records  wifl  furnisli  material,  without  further  trouble,  for 
attacking  very  nearly  all  the  problems  in  human  heredity  that  are 
conceivable.     The  compiler  of  family  histories  need  only  include 


76  INTERNATIONAL     CONGRESS     OF     GENEALOGY 

every  physical  or  mental  trait  possible,  bearing  in  mind  that  the 
genetist  will  ask  two  questions  about  it : 

Is  this  characteristic  inherited? 
If  so,  how? 
Nor  must  it  be  forgotten  that  we  are  often  as  much  interested  in 
knowing  that  a  given  character  is  not  inherited  under  certain  con- 
ditions, as  that  it  is. 

Aside  from  biology,  or  that  phase  of  it  which  we  call  eugenics, 
genealogy  may  also  serve  medicine,  jurisprudence,  sociology,  statis- 
tics, and  various  other  sciences  as  well  as  the  ones  which  it  now 
serves.  But  in  most  cases  such  service  will  have  a  eugenic  aspect. 
The  alliance  between  eugenics  and  genealogy  is  one  that  is  certainly 
foreordained,  and  it  cannot  be  put  off  much  longer. 

You  may  ask  what  facilities  we  have  for  receiving  and  using 
pedigrees  such  as  I  have  been  outlining,  if  they  were  made  up. 
You  are  all,  of  course,  familiar  with  the  repositories  which  the 
different  patriotic  societies,  the  National  Genealogical  Society,  and 
similar  organizations  maintain,  as  well  as  the  collections  of  the 
Library  of  Congress  and  other  great  public  institutions.  Anything 
deposited  in  such  a  place  can  be  found  by  the  investigators,  mostly 
attached  to  colleges  and  universities,  who  are  actively  engaged  in 
eugenic  research. 

In  addition  to  this  there  are  certain  establishments  founded  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  analyzing  genealogies  from  a  biological  or  statis- 
tical point  of  view.  The  first  of  these  was  the  Galton  Laboratory 
of  the  University  of  London,  directed  by  Karl  Pearson.  I  shall  not 
take  time  to  mention  the  European  institutions,  but  shall  call  to 
your  attention  tlie  two  at  work  in  tlie  United  States. 

The  larger  is  the  Eugenics  Record  Office  at  Cold  Spring  Harbor, 
Long  Island,  New  York,  directed  by  Dr.  Charles  B.  Davenport 
and  maintained  largely  through  the  generosity  of  Tilrs.  E.  H.  Ilarri- 
man.  Blank  schedules  are  sent  to  all  applicants,  in  which  the 
pedigree  of  an  individual  may  be  easily  set  down,  with  reference 
particularly  to  the  traits  of  eugenic  importance.  When  desired  the 
office  will  send  duplicate  schedules,  one  of  which  may  be  retained 
by  the  applicant  for  his  own  files.  The  schedules  filed  at  the 
Eugenics'  Record  Off-ice  are  treated  as  absolutely  confidential,  ac- 
cess to  them  being  given  only  to  accredited  investigators." 

The  second  institution  of  this  kind  is  the  Genealogical  Record 
Office,  founded  and  directed  by  Dr.  Alexander  Graham  Bell,  at 
1601  Thirty-fifth  Street.  Northwest.  Washington,  D.  C.  This  de- 
votes itself  solely  to  the  collection  of  data  regarding  longevity,  and 
sends  out  schedules  to  all  those  in  whose  families  there  have  been 
individuals  attaining  the  age  of  80  or  over.  It  welcomes  correspond- 
ence on  the  sub.ject  from  all  who  know  of  cases  of  long  life,  and 
endeavors  to  put  the  particulars  on  record,  especially  with  reference 
to  the  ancestry  and  habits  of  the  long-lived  individual. 


GENEALOGY     AND     EUGENICS  77 

Duty  of  the  Individual. 

Persons  intelligently  interested  in  their  ancestry  might  well 
consider  it  a  duty  to  society,  and  to  their  own  posterity,  to  send 
for  one  of  the  Eugenics'  Record  Office  schedules,  fill  it  out  and 
place  it  on  file  there,  and  to  do  the  same  with  the  Genealogical 
Record  Office,  if  they  are  so  fortunate  as  to  come  of  a  stock  char- 
acterized by  longevity.  The  filling  out  of  these  schedules  would  be 
likely  to  lead  to  a  new  viewpoint  of  genealogy;  and  when  this 
viewpoint  is  once  gained,  I  am  satisfied  that  the  student  will  find 
it  adds  immensely  to  his  interest  in  his  pursuit. 

You  are  all  familiar  with  the  charge  of  long  standing,  that 
genealogy  is  a  subject  of  no  use,  a  fad  of  a  privileged  class.  I  do 
not  need  to  tell  you  that  such  a  charge  is  untrue.  Rut  T  think  that 
genealogy  can  be  made  a  much  more  useful  science  then  it  now  is, 
and  that  it  will  be  at  the  same  time  more  interesting  to  its  followers, 
if  it  ceases  to  look  on  itself  as  an  end  in  itself,  or  solely  as  a  minister 
to  family  pride.  I  hope  to  see  it  look  on  itself  as  a  handmaid  of 
evolution,  just  as  other  sciences  are  coming  to  do;  I  hope  to  see 
it  link  arms  with  the  great  biological  movement  of  the  present  day ; 
I  hope  to  see  the  two  of  thetu  working  in  close  harmony  for  the 
betterment  of  mankind. 

So  much  for  the  science  as  a  whole.  Wliat  can  the  individual 
do?  Nothing  better  than  to  broaden  his  outlook  so  that  he  may 
view  his  family  not  as  an  exclusive  entity,  centered  in  a  name, 
dependent  on  some  illustrious  man  or  men  of  the  past :  but  rather 
as  an  integral  part  of  the  great  fabric  of  human  life,  its  warp  and 
woof  continuous  from  the  dawn  of  creation  and  criss-crossed  at 
each  generation.  Wlien  he  gets  this  vision,  he  will  desire  to  make 
his  family  tree  as  full  as  possible,  to  include  his  collaterals,  to  note 
every  trait  which  he  can  find  on  record,  to  preserve  the  photographs 
and  measurements  of  his  own  contemporaries,  and  to  take  a  pride 
in  feeling  that  the  history  of  his  family  is  a  contribution  to  human 
knowledge,  as  well  as  to  the  pride  of  the  family. 

If  the  individual  genealogist  does  this,  the  science  of  genealogy 
will  become  a  splendid  servant  of  the  whole  race,  and  its  influence, 
not  confined  to  a  few.  will  be  felt  by  all  as  a  positive,  dynamic  force 
helping  them  to  lead  more  worthy  lives  in  the  short  span  allotted 
to  them,  and  helping  them  to  leave  more  worthy  posterity  to  carry 
on  the  names  they  bore  and  the  sacred  thread  of  immortality,  of 
which  they  were  for  a  time  the  custodians. 


'Lorenz,  Ottodar — Lehrbuch  der  gesammten  wis.'ienschaftlichen  Genealogie. 
Berlin,  W.  Hertz,  189  8. 

'Davenport.  C.  B. — Heredity  in  Relation  to  Eugenics,  p.  240.  New  Yorit,  Henry 
Holt   &   Co.,    1911. 

'Galton's  Law  of  Ancestral  Heredity  (which  is  purely  statistical  in  nature  and 
may  be  quite  mi.sleading  when  applied  to  individual  ca.ses)  makes  it  possible  to 
calculate  the  contribution  of  eacli  ancestor,  all  the  way  to  infinity.  Pearson 
has  modified  it,  but  as  I  cite  it  here  merely  by  way  of  illustration.  I  use 
Galton's  orig-inal  form  for  the  sake  of  simplicity.  Following  is  the  calcula- 
tion for  the  first  six  generations: 


78 


INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OP  GENEALOGY 


Number  of 

Influence  of 

Influence  of 

Generation 

Ancestors 

Generation 

Individual 

1 

2 

50. 

25. 

2 

4 

25. 

6.25 

3 

8 

12.5 

1.56 

4 

16 

6.25 

0.39 

5 

32 

3.125 

0.10 

6 

64 

1.5625 

0.024 

'Galton,  Francis — Hereditary  Genius,  p.  87.     London,  The  Macmillan  Co.,  1869. 
'Fowler,  William  Chauncey — Conditions  of  Success  in  Genealogical  Investiga- 
tions.    N.  E.  Hist,  and  Gen.  Soc,  Boston.  1866. 

'Woods,  Frederick  Adams — Mental  and  Moral  Heredity  in  Royalty.  New  York, 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  1906  ;  also  The  Influence  of  Monarchs.  New  York,  The  Mac- 
millan Co.,  1914. 

'Pearson,  Karl — Royal  Society  of  London.  Phil,  Trans.,  vol.  192A.  p.  277  ; 
Biometrika,  vol.  I,  p.  74.     London,  1903. 

•Bell,  Alexander  Graham — Memoirs  Upon  the  Formation  of  a  Deaf  "Variety  of 
the  Human  Race.     Washington,  D.  C,  National  Academy  of  Sciences,   1884. 

'For  a  summary  see  Harris,  J.  Arthur — Assortative  Mating  in  Man.  Popular 
Science  Monthly,  LXXX,  No.  5,  pp.  476-493,  New  York,  May,  1912. 

"Davenport.  C.  B. — State  Laws  Limiting  Marriage  Selection,  p.  14.  Eugenics 
Record  Office  Bull.  No.   9,  Cold  Springs  Harbor,  Long  Island,   N.   Y.,  June,   1913. 

''Crum,  Frederick  S. — The  Decadence  of  the  Native  American  Stock.  Quarterly 
Pub.  American  Statistical  As.sn.,  XIV,  n.  s.   107.  pp.  215-223,  Sept.,  1914. 

"Cited  by  Weinberg.  W. — Methode  der  Vererbungsforschung  beim  Menschen. 
Berliner  Klinische  Wochenschrift,  vol.  49,  1912;  No.  14,  pp.  646-649  (April  1), 
and  No.   15,  pp.   697-701    (April  8). 

i^'Since  the  above  was  written,  the  Eugenics  Record  Office  has  published 
Bulletin  No.  13  on  "How  to  Make  a  Eugenical  Family  Study."  It  gives  details 
of  procedure  which  will  be  of  much  value  to  anyone  interested  in  genealogy 
from  the  viewpoint  I  have  outlined,  and  will  be  sent  gratis.  I  believe,  to  any 
serious  Inquirer. 


MAYFLOWER     DESCENDANTS  79 

GENEALOGICAL    RESEARCH    AMONG    DES- 
CENDANTS   OF    THE    MAYFLOWER 
EMIGRANTS. 


By   HERBERT    FOLGER 

HISTORIAN  tSOCIETY   OF  MAYFLO^'KR    DESCENDANTS  IN  THfi 
8TATB  OF  CALIFORNIA 


Some  seven  years  ago,  in  the  course  of  the  work  performed 
as  Historian  of  the  Society  of  Mayflower  Descendants  of  Cali- 
fornia I  had  a  call  from  an  office  boy,  who  asked  if  I  owned  a 
ranch  in  the  State  of  Washington ;  I  replied  that  I  had  no  such 
ranch.  He  then  produced  a  record  of  a  policy  issued  to  "H. 
Folger"  and  giving  a  Washington  address. 

The  Society  made  it  a  practice  to  address  postal  cards  or 
circulars  to  persons  whose  names  implied  that  they  might  be 
descended  from  the  passengers  on  the  good  ship  "Mayflower." 
A  card  was  accordingly  sent  to  Mr.  H.  Folger,  and  the  card 
asked  that  the  names  of  his  parents  and  grandparents  be  for- 
warded to  the  Society,  together  with  certain  other  information. 
In  due  time  we  received  a  reply  that  his  father  was  named  Jethro 
and  that  the  family  came  from  North  Carolina  and  had  no  con- 
nection with  any  Mayflower  stock ;  that  there  was  a  tradition 
in  North  Carolina,  however,  that  their  ancestors  had  come  from 
Massachusetts. 

Upon  investigation  it  was  found  that  a  Latham  Folger  had 
removed  from  Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina  in  1774  and  been 
lost  sight  of.  It  was  five  years  before  we  could  determine  in 
general  terms  where  this  family  had  gone  and  of  whom  it  con- 
sisted. Finally  a  young  lady  was  found  in  North  Carolina  who 
proved  a  good  friend.  She  was  connected  with  Guilford  Col- 
lege, which  had  in  its  vaults  some  of  the  records  of  the  Society 
of  Quakers  of  early  days.  It  trans])ired  that  all  the  emigrants 
to  North  Carolina  from  Massachusetts  at  that  time  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  Quakers,  the  move  having  been  made  to 
escape  the  necessity  of  military  service. 

That  society  not  only  recorded  the  names  of  children  who 
were  born  but  also  made  very  complete  records  of  the  mar- 
riages.   Every  certificate  began:   "Whereas son  of 

desires  marriage  with daughter  of "  and  often  also 

gave  the  names  of  all  relatives  present  together  Avith  their  rela- 
tionship, rendering  the  records  of  the  greatest  value.  We  his* 
torians  who  are  required  to  prove  statements  are  especially 
helped  when  we  can  refer  to  a  record  which  clearly  traces  the 
parentage  of  the  people  affected. 

It  was  found  that  Latham  Folger  had  ten  children,  one  of 
whom  was  named  Jethro  and  was  born  in  1797.  This  hardly 
seemed  to  meet  the  case,  for  it  did  not  seem  possible  that  a  man 


80       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

writing  the  hand  in  which  Homer  Folger's  letter  was  written 
could  be  the  son  of  a  man  born  in  1797.  He  was  communicated 
with  on  this  point,  and  stated  that  in  1855  his  father  Jethro 
married  a  second  wife  and  that  he  had  himself  been  born  in 
1862,  wdien  his  father  was  65  years  of  age. 

This  peculiar  case  drew"  the  attention  of  our  society  to  the 
need  of  reliable  vital  records  and  we  have  ever  since  sought  by 
individual  correspondence  to  ascertain  and  preserve  the  records 
of  families.  We  have  had  some  success,  but  I  am  convinced  that 
we  Americans  do  not  pay  sufficient  attention  to  the  necessity  of 
following  the  custom  of  our  ancestors  in  recording  the  names  of 
our  children  not  only  in  town  records  but  also  in  church  and 
family  records. 

Getting  down  to  the  concrete,  on  the  Pacific  Coast  w^e  are 
three  thousand  miles  from  Plymouth.  It  is  found  that  one-third 
of  the  claims  filed  with  the  Society  have  been  invalid  because 
incorrect;  lines  of  descent  submitted  in  good  faith  have  many 
defects.  Of  the  remainder  some  are  quite  unable  to  go  back 
of  their  grandparents ;  old  people  are  excusable  for  not  remem- 
bering their  grandparents'  names. 

If  we  are  disappointed  in  this  way  in  1915,  what  may  we 
expect  in  the  year  2000?  Many  records  now  available  are  sub- 
ject to  loss.  It  should  be  possible  for  a  Federation  such  as  this 
to  preserve  records,  make  them  accessible,  and  arouse  the  in- 
terest of  the  community  at  large  in  vital  records.  The  fact  that 
the  men  coming  to  California  brought  no  records  with  them, 
preserved  none  and  kept  none,  has  made  the  work  in  California 
exceptionally  difficult,  but  interest  has  been  aroused  to  cor- 
respond with  the  magnitude  of  the  task. 

The  interest  in  genealogical  work  is  largely  personal;  it  may 
be  that  some  of  you  can  enjoy  hearing  other  people  recount  a 
line  at  great  length  but  I  confess  I  get  very  tired  and  that  a 
little  goes  a  long  way  with  me.  How  many  fully  realize  that 
the  chief  interest  in  the  subject  of  Pilgrim  genealogy  lies  in  the 
personality  it  brings  up — in  the  character  of  the  stock — and  lies 
further  in  the  historical  fact  that  this  original  stock  which  landed 
on  the  shores  of  Massachusetts  in  1620  very  shortly  scattered. 
Many  of  them  are  lost  to  sight  and  a  large  part  of  them  are  lost 
in  the  records. 

One  who  says  there  are  a  million  descendants  of  the  Pilgrims 
in  this  nation  may  be  stating  a  truth  literally  but  he  could  not 
possibly  prove  it.  At  the  end  of  21  years  the  Society  of  May- 
flower Descendants  has  not  had  more  than  four  thousand  mem- 
bers in  the  entire  nation. 

I  urge  upon  you  when  you  go  to  your  homes  that  in  the 
society  each  attends  a  record  of  descent  as  showing  that  one 
comes  of  good  clean  stock  shall  be  set  dow^n  and  preserved.  I  do 
not  think  that  in  the  concrete  you  can  do  any  better  work. 


GENEALOGY     AND     HUMAN     SOCIETY  81 


IHE     STUDY     OF     GENEALOGY      AND      ITS 

PLACE    IN    THE    AFFAIRS    OF 

HUMAN    SOCIETY. 


By  CHARLES  G.  FINNEY  WILCOX 

OF  THK   ASSOCIATION   OFWIl.(OX    FAMILIKS   AND    AI-LIED   FAMIMKS. 


Genealogy  touches  life  in  its  most  vital  and  important  relations. 
In  the  Mytliology  of  tlie  Ancients  there  were  the  Parcae,  or  Fates, 
who  were  conceived  as  holding  the  destinies  of  all  mankind  in  their 
hands.  They  were  known  as  Clotho,  Lachesis  and  Atropos.  The 
significance  of  the  allusion  to  them  in  this  place  will  be  obvioiis 
upon  a  further  investigation  of  their  offices  or  the  sphere  of  their 
dominion  over  humanity. 

An  ancient  verse  best  defines  their  character  and  their  offices: 

Clotho  colum  retinet,  Lachesis  net, 
Et  Atropos  occat. 

This  translated  means:  "Clotho  upliolds  the  column  or  distaff, 
Lachesis  spins  or  weaves,  and  Atropos  cuts  the  thread." 

When  appearing  together  they  were  generally  represented  as 
three  women  with  chaplets  made  of  white  wool  and  interwoven  with 
flowers  of  the  narcissus.  They  were  covered  with  a  white  robe  and 
fillet  of  the  same  color  bound  with  chaplets. 

By  reason  of  their  office  their  power  was  great  and  extensive: 
Clotho,  the  youngest,  presiding  over  birth  and  generation,  or  the 
origin  of  life;  Lachesis,  the  second,  presiding  over  the  future  and 
the  fortunes  and  success  of  life;  and  Atropos,  the  oldest,  decreeing 
the  end  of  life  and  cutting  it  off  in  accordance  with  her  arbi- 
trary Mill. 

These  goddesses  were  supposed  to  be  subject  to  none  of  tlie  gods 
but  Jupiter,  while  some  supposed  that  even  Jupiter  himself  was 
subject  to  them  and  obedient  to  their  commands.  They  were 
generally  regarded  as  the  arbiters  of  life  and  death  of  mankind 
and  it  was  supposed  that  whatever  of  good  or  evil  niight  befall 
persons  in  the  world  proceeded  from  them. 

Thus  the  Fates  or  Parcae  controlled  the  life,  fortune  and  death, 
or  the  supreme  destinies  of  mankind;  so  genealogy  records  the 
same  events  in  the  lives  of  mankind.  As  the  Parcae  occupied  a 
place  of  supreme  power  so  genealogy  occupies  a  similar  place  of 
supreme  importance,  as  it  is  no  less  than  the  history  of  the 
omnipotent   decrees  and   ensuing   deeds   and   enactments   of   these 


82       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

omnipotent  deities  in  their  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the 
human  race  over  which  they  bear  rule. 

We  cannot  overestimate  the  importance  of  the  study  of  geneal- 
ogy; as  we  have  said,  it  touches  life  in  its  most  momentous  relations 
in  conjunction  with  history;  it  is  to  be  gleaned  from  an  infinite 
variety  of  sources;  at  every  turn  we  are  confronted  with  sources 
of  information  and  evidences  of  genealogical  facts;  public  records, 
directories,  registers  of  churches,  monuments  and  tombstones.  I 
would  suggest  as  a  clew  not  often  resorted  to,  the  subscription  lists 
of  journals  and  periodicals,  and  even  the  books  of  account  of 
business  firms  may  contain  names  of  certain  persons  otherwise  un- 
obtainable. 

The  relation  of  a  family  to  certain  persons  is  often  suggested 
or  evidenced  by  the  naming  of  children;  the  political  affiliations 
and  sympathies,  or  the  particular  beliefs  of  a  person  or  family  are 
also  thus  often  shown  in  that  the  child  is  named  for  a  person 
prominent  at  the  time,  or  one  Avho  is  revered  and  honored  by  the 
family  in  which  the  child  is  born. 

The  knowledge  of  one's  genealogy  is  a  guide  to  matrimonial 
selection,  by  observation  of  results  and  the  laws  of  heredity  as  well 
as  they  may  be  understood  and  applied.  It  has  been  considered 
as  an  aid  to  the  elimination  of  unfit  persons  from  society,  but  is 
not  suiificiently  certain  to  justify  the  enactment  of  radical  measures 
that  will  interrupt  the  established  course  of  governmental  affairs 
as  adapted  to  the  fundamental  principles  of  law  and  government. 

It  discloses  family  tendencies;  the  effect  on  progeny  of  large 
families  may  be  noted  by  knowledge  of  these  things ;  there  have 
been  observations  relative  to  the  probable  success  of  the  youngest 
or  oldest  of  a  family,  or  their  attaining  to  eminence;  also  the  trans- 
mission of  family  traits  in  older  and  younger  children,  the  males 
or  the  females,  and  the  inheritance  of  the  males  or  females  from 
the  father  or  mother. 

Genealogy  and  the  study  of  the  subject  tends  to  accuracy  and 
order;  it  encourages  the  preservation  of  records,  of  relics,  heir- 
looms and  monuments;  it  is  an  inspiration  to  higher  ideals  and 
attainments  of  life;  the  study  of  the  lives  of  our  ancestors;  it  is 
an  incentive  to  the  establishment  of  a  truer  and  greater  justice,  a 
larger  liberty,  a  broader  toleration,  more  tender  compassion,  a 
truer  democracy,  a  more  steadfast  hope,  a  stronger  faith  in  God,  in 
man,  in  one's  self. 

It  reveals  the  origin  of  a  person  and  the  effect  of  environment 
and  heredity  upon  his  status  and  estate  in  society;  the  connections 
of  a  man  by  marriage,  his  parentage  or  ancestry,  and  the  effect 
thereof  upon  his  own  life. 

All  should  realize  the  importance  of  knoAvledge  of  these  essent- 
ial facts  that  they  may  more  efficaciously  protect  themselves  in  their 
rights  and  enjoy  larger  privileges,  based  thereon  and  arising  there- 
from. 


GENEALOGY     AND     HUMAN     SOCIETY  85 

t 

To  what  shall  we  liken  genealogy?  It  is  the  log-book  of  the 
voyage  of  our  ancestors  adown  the  endless  river  of  time — across 
the  shoreless  sea  of  life;  from  it  we  should  chart  our  own  course 
across  the  great  ocean  of  futurity. 

We  should  make  our  own  genealogy  an  aid  to  ourselves,  our 
families,  and  our  friends,  and  should  by  a  knowledge  of  that  of 
others  fortify  and  defend  ourselves  against  our  enemies. 

The  sphere  of  genealogy  and  the  knowledge  gained  by  study  of 
the  subject  is  not  and  should  not  be  involved  with  legislation  or 
government  in  our  country.  It  has  often  been  involved  with  the 
government  of  other  nations  and  has  too  often  under  these  circum- 
stances proven  a  bane  or  a  curse  to  the  people  of  such  nation  and 
the  world. 

By  applying  the  knowledge  of  the  principles  acquired  by  the 
study  of  genealogy  to  our  own  lives  as  individuals  and  families  we 
may  be  benefited,  and  be  the  arbiters  of  our  own  lives  and  conduct, 
but  by  seeking  to  apply  these  principles  through  the  agency  of  civil 
government  and  legislation  we  place  ourselves  in  danger,  because 
we  thereby  give  into  the  hands  of  others  the  absolute  control  of 
our  own  destinies. 

Each  of  us  today  can  truly  say:  "I  am  the  sum  of  my  ancestors; 
my  world  is  the  world  in  which  my  ancestors  lived ;  and  the  shrines 
of  my  devotion  are  the  homes  and  citadels  of  their  nativity;  and 
the  monuments  that  mark  their  graves  are  to  me  as  precious  stones 
set  in  the  treasure  box  of  life." 

By  a  knowledge  of  genealogy  we  acquire  pride  of  birth ;  we  find 
in  it  an  inspiration  to  live  a  noble  life,  to  be  worthy  of  the  honored 
name  we  bear.  It  conduces  to  study  and  liberal  education;  the 
study  of  hygiene  and  the  development  of  physical  strength  and 
beauty,  the  preservation  of  health  and  an  incentive  to  a  life  of 
sobriety;  it  inculcates  a  spirit  of  veneration  and  develops  the 
religious  instinct  in  our  nature;  it  is  an  incentive  to  thrift  and 
industry,  and  is,  therefore,  the  basis  and  foundation  of  prosperity, 
stability  and  wealth;  it  broadens  and  enlarges  life  in  all  its  rela- 
tions, and  especially  promotes  domestic  felicity  and  joy,  harmony 
and  content.  It  conduces  to  right  living,  pleasant  social  relations,  a 
delightful  courtship,  and  a  pure,  wholesome  marriage ;  an  honorable 
and  a  happy  life ;  a  resigned  and  peaceful  death ;  a  loved  and  cher- 
ished memory  in  the  hearts  of  friends  and  kindred ;  a  progeny  on  the 
earth  to  fulfill  and  realize  our  hopes  and  aspirations  and  to  guar- 
antee unto  us  a  realization  of  our  cherished  dream  of  an  existence  in 
a  future  and  a  happier  state ;  the  joys  of  love,  honor  and  domestic 
felicity  in  a  world  made  bright  and  beautiful  with  flowers  and  gems 
while  living ;  honor  and  veneration,  tears  and  lamentations,  sculp- 
tured monuments  and  storied  urns,  garlands,  and  funeral  wreaths 
when  silent  in  death,  and  though  silent  yet  still  existent,  active  and 
living  our  own  high  ideals  with  a  conscious  realization  and  a  per- 
sonal delight  in  the  lives  of  a  devoted  posterity,  who  are  in  their 


84       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

turn  raised  to  a  more  exalted  plane  of  life  as  a  result  of  our  own 
lives  and  of  the  devotion  and  venerable  regard  we  have  exemplified 
for  our  ancestors  and  the  preservation  of  the  knowledge  of  all  that 
appertains  to  them. 

This  indeed  and  in  truth,  is  the  sphere  of  genealogy  in  the 
affairs  of  human  society.  He  who  plants  his  feet  upon  the  vantage 
ground  of  genealogy  has  surelj^  ascended  the  Holy  Mount  (even  as 
iMoses,  the  great  Law  Giver),  from  which  may  be  seen  the  glories 
of  the  Promised  Land,  where  those  who  follow  after  us  will  enjoy 
the  bliss  of  life  in  a  land  of  fertile  valleys,  wooded  and  watered 
mountains,  orchards  and  fruitful  vineyards;  a  land  that  floweth 
with  milk  and  honey. 

Genealogy  reveals  the  kinship  of  man  to  man  and  nation  to 
nation;  it  exemplifies  and  proves  the  Divine  Word,  that  "God  hath 
made  of  one  flesh  all  nations  tliat  dwell  in  the  earth." 

"And  ah !  it  is  a  noble  deed  to  show  before  mankind ; 
How  every  race  and  every  creed  may  be  in  love  conjoined ; 
May  be  conjoined,  yet  not  forget. 
The  fountains  whence  they  rose, 
As  filled  with  many  a  rivulet, 
The  stately  Shannon  flows." 

It  is  the  history  of  families  in  epochs  and  chapters.  It  is  the 
stratification  of  history,  a  chart  of  the  evolution  of  our  own  race 
and  generation,  disclosing  the  difference  between  families. 

Genealogy  discloses  one's  relatives  and  ena1)les  one  to  benefit 
as  far  as  possible  by  the  sacred  ties  of  consanguinity.  It  gives  one 
a  knowledge  of  the  qualities  of  temperament,  character  and  genius 
in  himself  and  others.  If  all  men  are  related  to  one  another,  we 
may  by  a  knowledge  of  genealogy  become  acquainted  Avith  our  near- 
est relatives. 

Genealogy  in  a  monarchy  or  autocratic  government  is  the  cement 
that  binds  together  the  stones  in  the  edifice  of  state ;  genealogy  in 
a  democracy  is  the  safeguard  against  revolution  and  the  re-estab- 
lishment of  a  despotism,  for  by  a  knowledge  of  genealogy  the 
people  may  be  able  to  prevent  descendants  of  their  hereditary 
enemies,  the  scions  of  ancient  kings  and  emperors,  from  establish- 
ing themselves  in  power. 

Genealogy  as  a  study  is  an  inspiration  and  an  aid  to  humanity 
in  all  fields  of  endeavor  and  activity;  as  a  science  it  is  but  specu- 
lative, conjectural  and  uncertain. 

It  does  not  afford  a  sufficient  basis  for  positive  conclusions  as 
to  what  man  will  be,  although  it  is  a  light  to  the  understanding  in 
determining  what  men  are. 

It  is  the  instrument  of  the  despot,  the  conqueror,  and  the  foeman 
of  mankind,  when  used  for  the  subjugation  and  extermination  of 
a  race,  a  nation,  or  a  noble  family. 


GENEAI.OGY     AND     HU.MAX     SOCIETY  85 

It  is  relied  upon  as  ii  means  of  arousing  prejudice  as  well  as 
for  fostering  friendship;  of  inspiring  fear  as  well  as  for  winning 
favor.  It  is  used  by  ambitious  and  unjust  rulers  as  a  means  of 
overthrowing  families  and  nations  l)ecause  of  their  relation  to  one 
certain  individual  who  luis  incurred  general  disfavor  or  hatred. 

The  work  of  conquest  by  a  tyrant  may  be  more  expeditious  and 
complete  if  by  a  false  theor}^  of  heredity  he  can  induce  his  followers 
or  subjects  to  destroy  a  nation,  a  class  of  persons  or  a  family,  when 
they  would  otherwise,  and  in  justice,  destroy  only  the  individual 
who  might  be  guilty  of  the  offense. 

Persons  interested  in  eugenics,  and  elimination  by  sterilization, 
segregation  and  extermination,  should  consider  the  dangers  to  all 
mankind  of  making  it  possi!)le  for  unjust  men  in  political  office 
and  temporary  power  to  work  an  irreparable  injury  upon  others 
who  might  have  incurred  their  hatred,  malice  and  disfavor. 

Where  is  genealogy  found?  Among  what  genus,  race,  order  of 
beings?  What  is  its  office?  Do  we  find  the  accurate  and  precise 
pedigree  from  the  founding  of  the  world  among  the  slimy  reptiles 
crawling  among  the  rocks  of  the  wilderness?  The  savage  beasts  of 
the  forest  that  l)ite  and  devour  one  another,  making  the  welkin  hide- 
ous by  day  and  by  night  with  their  roaring  and  shrieks?  Or  even 
among  human  kind  do  we  find  the  naked  savage,  clad  in  the 
breech  cloth  and  anidets  and  anklets  absorbed  in  the  study  of  his 
lineage  and  coat  armor?  And  yet  again  do  we  find  among  the 
oppressed  serfs  and  slaves  of  semi-civilized  nations  or  even  among 
the  peasantry,  an  intense  interest  in  the  annals  of  their  noble  sires? 
No.  It  is  not  among  the  savage  tribes,  not  among  .serfs  and  slaves, 
not  among  the  peasantry  and  yeomanry  that  we  find  the  rare 
exotic  that  blooms  only  in  the  palace  of  the  king.  It  is  not  among 
these  that  we  find  the  carefully  preserved  pedigree  with  the  arms 
and  crests  of  noble  sires,  M'ith  hatchments,  escutcheons  and  marks  of 
eadency,  but  only  among  the  noble  families  who  have  stood  above 
tlieir  kind  through  the  lapse  of  passing  centuries: 

"As  some  proiul  cliff  that  lifts  its  awful  form. 
Swells  from  tlie  val(>  and  nobly  cleaves  the  storm; 
Though  round  its  breast  the  rolling  clouds  are  spread; 
Eternal  sunshine  centei's  on  its  head." 

It  is  pertinent  here  to  inquire  why  we  are  interested  in  gene- 
alogy? Why  should  we  be  interested  in  this  subject.  We  as 
Americans — democratic  citizens  of  a  democratic  nation — a  nation 
whose  foundation  and  cornerstone  is  the  preamble  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  which  declares:  ''All  men  are  created  equal, 
and  endowed  hy  their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights, 
which  among  other.^  are  life,  lihertjjrand  the  pursuit  of  happiness." 
Can  true  Americans  boast  an  interest  in  that  which  concerns  kings 
and  princes,  and  the  scions  of  royalty?    Or  do  we  resign  our  title 


86      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEAL0G1 

of  Americans  when  we  find  in  tracing  our  ancestral  pedigrees  that 
we  derive  our  origin  from  the  kings  and  emperors  of  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere  ? 

This  might  at  first  appear  to  be  the  consistent  deduction  from 
the  previous  statement,  that  genealogy  in  its  completeness  is  most 
often  found  among  the  royal  families,  but  it  is  not  a  true  and  logical 
conclusion,  as  we  shall  clearly  show.  But  to  properly  answer 
the  question:  "Can  we  as  true  Americans  be  interested  in  gene- 
alogy in  view  of  the  assertion  that  the  subject  so  largely  concerns 
nobility?"  we  must  revert  to  some  essential  facts  of  history  and 
trace  the  circumstances  and  events  that  resulted  in  the  colonization 
of  this,  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and  the  founding  of  the  govern- 
ment under  which  we  live,  the  government  of  the  United  States 
of  America. 

Before  the  Colonization,  Development,  Federation  and  Kevolu- 
tion  had  been  consummated  in  this  country,  for  almost  three  cen- 
turies the  nations  of  Europe  had  been  ravaged  by  civil  war  and 
fratricidal  strife. 

The  issues  were  the  issues  of  Life,  Liberty  and  Justice,  as 
against  Arbitrary  Power  and  Despotism ;  the  opposing  parties  and 
armies  were  composed  of  persons  of  rank  and  nobility,  sometimes 
of  factions  of  the  same  family,  and  sometimes  of  different  families 
opposed  to  one  another  from  time  immemorial ;  but  they  were  in 
most  cases  commanded  and  championed  by  men  of  royal  blood, 
upon  which  side  soever  they  were  aligned.  Ultimately,  the  more 
powerful  forces  were  successful,  and  the  conquered  at  this,  the  Col- 
onial period,  sought  asylum  in  America ;  a  very  wise  course,  since 
to  be  identified  with  a  party  known  to  be  opposed  to  the  Crown  in 
a  Monarchical  Government  is  more  serious  than  to  be  opposed  to 
the  predominating  party  in  a  Republican  Government  such  as  our 
own. 

In  this  way  we  can  understand  how  it  happened  that  many 
families  of  noble  blood  settled  in  America  as  colonists,  but  owing  to 
political  issues  made  no  effort  to  herald  the  facts  to  the  world  and 
eventually  sunk  into  the  oblivion  of  obscure  life,  and  forgotten 
graves. 

As  Americans  then,  although  we  do  not  seek  to  establish  rights 
to  title,  estates  or  hereditary  offices,  we  may  knoAv  that  we  are 
equal  in  rank  if  rank  is  honorable,  to  the  noblest  scion  of  the 
royalty  of  Europe. 

It  is  not  for  the  glamor  and  pride  of  royalty  alone  that  we,  as 
Americans,  are  interested  in  genealogy,  although  we  often  find 
with  royalty  the  highest  perfection  of  genealogy — charts,  family 
trees,  diagrams,  arms,  crests,  hatchments,  cadency,  and  all  that 
is  associated  with  the  genealogical  science. 

"For  what  is  pomp,  rule,  reign^ 
But  earth  and  dust?" 


GENEALOGY     AND     HUMAN     SOCIETY  87 

"The  boast  of  heraldry,  the  pomp  of  power, 
And  all  that  beauty,  all  that  wealth  ere  gave, 
Await  alike  the  inevitable  hour. 
The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave." 

Aye — and  in  the  co\irse  of  time  and  events  we  oft  see  the 
exemplification  of  the  proverb : 

"He  hath  put  down  the  mighty  from  their  seat; 
He  hath  exalted  them  of  low  degree." 

"Pride  bend  thine  eye  from  heaven  to  thine  estate, 

See  how  the  mighty  sink  into  a  song — 

Can  volume,  pillar,  pile,  preserve  the  great? 

Or  must  thou  trust  tradition's  tongue, 

When  flattery  sleeps  with  thee. 

And  historv  does  thee  wrong?" 

I 
The  kaleidoscopic  changes  in  the  fortunes  of  the  world  continu- 
ally and  unceasingly  bring  before  the  eye  of  the  observer  of  men 
and  affairs  the  changing  glories  of  the  scene.  As  the  kaleidoscope 
revolves,  the  position  of  the  variously  colored  prisms  is  shifted  and 
new  combinations  of  form  and  color  are  presented  to  the  eye  in 
infinite  variety ;  the  red  and  the  blue,  the  yellow  and  the  purple, 
the  orange  and  green,  the  black  and  the  white,  the  neutral  tints 
all  commingling  and  reflected,  always  changing,  never  twice  the 
same.  But  in  the  never  ceasing  change  the  black  and  the  white,  the 
neutral  tints  and  the  grays,  the  red  and  the  blue,  the  yellow  and 
the  purple,  the  orange  and  green,  never  lose  their  value,  but  remain 
ever  the  same ;  ever  producing  upon  the  retina  the  same  impression 
and  effect,  only  by  juxtaposition,  position  and  reflection  and  chang- 
ing light  and  multiplication  is  the  change  in  effect  produced. 

Our  lives,  individually  and  collectively,  are  one  vast  kaleidoscope 
in  which  we  are  each  but  as  one  of  the  brilliant  prisms  jostling  and 
piling  one  upon  another,  ever  assuming  new  positions  reflecting  the 
light  of  new  surroundings,  but  ever  the  same  identical  prisms, 
or  units. 

In  the  great  kaleidoscope  of  human  life  as  the  world  revolves 
we  can  behold  the  coalition  of  individuals,  the  serf,  the  slave,  the 
savage,  the  barbarian,  the  peasant  and  the  yeoman,  the  general  and 
the  statesman,  the  prince  and  the  king,  priest  and  bishop, 
cardinal  and  pontiff,  each  in  the  sphere  of  their  changing  environ- 
ment and  surroundings,  but  ever  the  character  of  each  remains  the 
same.  Now  one,  now  another  appears  in  ascendency,  in  all  the 
blazing  glory  of  royalty  and  power,  clothed  in  regal  majesty-— 
vassals  waiting  at  their  command  and  princes  bowing  before  their 
decrees;  but  regardless  of  position  or  transient  power  each  retains 
and  displays  to  the  world  his  true  character  of  prince  or  plebeian, 


88  INTERNATIOxMAL     CONGRESS     OF     GENEALOGY 

emperor  or  slave,  king  or  peasant;  the  God-man  in  the  sovereign 
majesty  of  noble  character,  or  the  degraded  being  in  the  unclean 
garments  of  vice  and  crime,  upon  the  royal  throne  or  -whatever 
may  be  the  apparent  station  he  holds  in  the  world  of  men. 

In  the  songs  of  Kabir,  by  Raniandranath  Tagore,  he  has  said: 
"When  the  wave  rises  it  is  the  water,  and  when  it  falls  it  is  the 
same  water.  Because  it  has  been  named  a  wave,  shall  it  no  longer 
be  water?" 

Of  many  a  noble  family  of  former  days  it  might  be  truly  said : 

"Bright  star  of  the  morning  that  beamed  on  the  brow, 
Of  the  chief  of  ten  thousand,  oh  where  are  thou  now? 
The  sword  of  your  fathers  is  cankered  with  rust, 
And  the  might  of  thy  clan  is  bowed  low  in  the  dust." 

Of  the  noble  family  of  Roslyn  we  read: 

"Seemed  all  on  fire  that  chappelle  proud, 
Where  Roslyn 's  chiefs  uncoffined  lie. 
Each  baron  for  a  sable  shroud 
Shelled  in  his  iron  panoply. 

"Blazed  battlements  and  pennants  bright, 
Blazed  every  rose-carved  buttress  fair, 
So  shall  they  blaze  when  falls  in  might. 
The  leading  line  of  high  St.  Clare. 

"There  twenty  of  Rosh'n's  barons  bold 
Lie  buried  within  that  proud  cliappelle. 
Each  one  the  holy  vault  doth  hold. 
But  the  sea  holds  lovely  Rosabelle. " 

"  'Twere  long  to  tell,  and  srid  to  trace, 
Each  step  from  splendor  to  disgrace." 

In  the  foregoing  we  have  sufficiently  emphasized  and  illustrated 
the  fact  that  station  does  not  confer  character  nor  wealth  station ; 
that  station  is  not  enduring,  and  that  neither  royal  title,  station, 
wealth  nor  character  can  be  successively  and  indeterminately  trans- 
mitted with  certainty  from  generation  to  generation ;  but  we  believe 
it  to  be  indisputable  that  character  above  all — wealth,  station, 
royalty,  power,  aye,  character  of  all  things,  is  the  most  enduring, 
potential  and  fruitful  in  largess  of  reward  to  those  who  possess  it — 
"Above  all  things,  Truth  beareth  away  the  victory." 
The  question  may  arise :  If  the  most  prized  and  most  valuable 
things  of  life  are  not  transmissible  with  certainty  from  one  genera- 
tion to  another,  why  should  we  devote  our  time  and  attention  to 
the  laborious  task  of  tracing  and  preserving  our  lineage  from  re- 


GENEALOGY     AND     HU.MAX     SOCIETY  89 

mote  and  forgotten  anoestors?  Arc  we  not  chasing  moonbeams,  and 
the  "will-o'-tho-wisp"  in  the  Everglades? 

No,  emi)hatically  no — "You  perceive  the  wind  and  hear  its 
murmuring  music,  but  whence  it  has  come  and  whither  it  may  wan- 
der you  may  never  know."  Yet  will  you  disregard  the  wnnd  at 
times  and  thereby  sacrifice  yourselves  to  it  by  disdaining  to 
take  due  precaution  for  protection  against  its  power.  Intelligent 
beings  observe,  study  and  record  the  actions  of  the  winds  and  all 
natural  forces  of  nature  that  they  may  be  prepared  to  avert  dangers 
or  disaster  and  benefit  by  a  knowledge  of  the  salutory  and  beneficent 
effects  of  such  physical  conditions  as  may  obtain ;  and  in  like 
manner  shovdd  we  observe  and  record  all  incidents  and  facts  that 
may  reflect  light  upon  the  origin,  nature,  derivation  and  character 
of  men,  that  we  may  know  their  nature  and  their  destinies  as  far 
as  may  be  possible  by  having  an  adequate  knowledge  of  their 
ancestry  and  origin. 

The  development  of  our  race  has  been  gradual — the  advance- 
ment of  learning  and  science,  religion  and  art  has  been  slow  and 
laborious : 

"Science  moves  by  slowest  stages, 
Creeping  on  from  point  to  point. 

Heaven  is  not  reached  by  a  single  bound, 
But  we  build  the  ladder  by  which  we  rise, 

From  the  lowly  earth  to  the  vaulted  skies. 
And  we  mount  to  its  summit  round  by  round." 

Although  the  science  of  life  is  incomplete  and  imperfect  we 
must  endeavor  to  perfect  and  apply  it.  The  procreation  of  our 
species  is  the  grcnitest,  the  most  absorbiug  responsibility  devolving 
upon  human  beings,  and  although  the  laws  of  procreation  or  repro- 
duction are  but  inadequately  and  vaguely  understood  by  the  human 
family,  as  we  continue  to  live  and  reproduce  our  species  we  should 
eontinue  to  study  and  learn  these  laws  by  improving  every  oppor- 
tunity for  observation  and  investigation  relative  to  the  principles 
of  this  fundamental  though  abtruse  science  of  the  creation  of  the 
future  race. 

Thus  we  see  that  by  genealogical  research  we  nuiy  learn  the 
laws  of  reprodu(qion.  not  only  with  respect  to  the  reprodiu-tion  of 
physical  beings,  but  with  respect  to  mentality  and  moral  tendencies, 
and  various  phases  of  character.  If  by  our  devotion  to  this  absorb- 
ing study  we  can  establish  definitely,  and  conclusively  demonstrate 
some  certain  principles  of  the  law  of  life  not  before  enunciated  or 
understood  by  human  beings,  we  will  have  raised  the  race  one  step 
higher  toward  the  celestial  realm — the  perfect  life  and  environment 
to  which  optimists,  religionists  and  propliets  have  looked  and  for 
which  they  have  hoped  in  all  ages. 


90       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

The  influence  and  efforts  of  governmental  enactments  are  so 
far  reaching  that  we  should  not  venture  upon  new  and  novel  ex- 
periments, but  should  stand  firm  upon  the  time-tried  and  tested 
principles  of  law,  justice  and  truth  that  have  endured  through  the 
passing  centuries. 

To  make  our  state  and  nation  what  it  should  be  we  must  be 
wise,  deliberative  and  true.  We  must  realize  what  is  the  nature 
of  a  nation  and  a  state. 

Alceus  to  Mytelene. 

What  constitutes  a  state? 
Not  high  raised  battlements  or  labored  mound, 

The  thick  walled  moated  gate. 
Not  altars  proud  with  spires  or  turret  crowned, 

Not  bays  and  broad  armed  ports. 
Where  laughing  at  the  storms  rich  navies  ride, 

Not  starred  and  spangled  courts. 
Where  low-browed  coarseness  wafts  perfume  and  pride, 

No — men!  high-minded  men 
With  powers  as  far  above  dull  brute  endued 

In  forest,  brake  or  den, 
As  birds  excel  cold  rocks  and  brambles  rude, 

Men  who  their  duties  know 
But  knowing  their  rights,  and  knowing  dare  maintain, 

Prevent  the  long-armed  blow. 
And  crush  the  tyrant  while  they  rend  the  chain, 

These  constitute  the  state.  ^ 


THE     HOUSE     RESTORED  91 


THE    HOUSE    RESTORED. 


By  MARIAN  LONGFELLOMT 

OF   THK  S!iOCIBlV   OK  THE    DK>*«1;NDANT>»  OK   Rt>HKHT   BAHTI.KTT,   K»Q., 
OF   PI-YMOUTH,   MA>!iHA<:HL'!SETTW. 


This  is,  happily,  the  age  of  the  "builder"  and  not  the  "icono- 
clast," in  spite  of  the  great  havoc  waging  in  Europe.  I  have  faith 
to  believe  that,  like  the  phoenix  of  old,  there  will  arise  from  the 
dust  and  ashes  of  evil  passions,  relentless  hate  and  iconoclastic 
struggle  the  era  of  a  brighter  day  for  the  family  of  mankind. 

There  is,  I  believe,  no  nobler  pursuit,  no  higher  object  than  the 
building  up  of  the  beauties  of  character  and  high  purpose  as 
evinced  in  the  lives  of  those  who  have  preceded  us.  Indeed,  it  is 
a  sacred  trust  committed  to  our  hands  that  there  be  no  jot  or  tittle 
of  their  good  work  allowed  to  perish  from  among  us. 

The  lot  of  the  genealogist  is  not  a  happy  one,  which  sentiment, 
although  first  voiced  under  a  jest  in  comic  opera  in  dealing  with 
another  walk  of  life,  is  true.  I  would  liken  the  work  to  that  of 
the  toiler  who  seeks  laboriously  to  rescue  from  the  dust  heap  of 
oblivion  and  disregard  the  jewel  of  high  purpose  and  the  deed  of 
renown.  Of  a  truth  the  labor  is  heavy;  much  is  investigated  and 
ofttimes  little  is  obtained  in  genealogical  research,  but  the  purpose 
is  a  noble  one  and  must  eventually  find  its  reward.  For  every 
nugget  of  gold  discovered  there  must  be  tons  of  rubbish  to  explore ; 
still  the  knowledge  that  the  nugget  is  there  to  be  found  inspires 
and  upholds  the  seeker. 

We  are  the  guardians  of  the  past;  upon  us  rests  a  sacred  duty, 
and  in  the  performance  of  it  there  should  be,  as  I  have  said,  suffi- 
cient reward.  If  the  genealogist  be  watchful,  earetaking  and 
conscientious,  though  this  harvest  be  small,  his  or  her  work  is 
of  inestimable  value.  But  what  is  to  be  said  of  the  slipshod  worker 
in  the  ranks  of  genealogical  research?  The  investigator  who  stops 
just  short  of  the  goal  desired?  The  seeker  who  is  satisfied  with 
the  plausible  explanation  of  a  problem?  There  is  nothing  so  to 
be  feared  and  so  common,  alas,  as  the  superficial  laborer  in  the 
vineyard.  There  have  been  more  mistakes  made,  more  havoc 
wrought  by  such  than  in  any  other  pursuit.  The  opinionated 
person  is  to  be  dreaded,  but  that  very  trait  leads  often,  through 
its  very  intensity  of  purpose,  to  the  solving  of  the  problem,  while 
the  superficial  seeker  never  attains  the  object  sought  and  frequently 
is  guilty  of  "false  witness"  in  placing  on  record  some  erroneous 
statement  which,  like  the  tare  among  the  wheat,  spreads  and 
strangles  and  finally  nullifies  all  the  good  heretofore  accomplished. 


92      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

For  this  reason,  that  there  is  so  much  superfieial  work  done,  so 
much  that  lacks  the  seal  of  complete  reliance  and  the  endorsement 
of  the  learned,  I  would  urge  upon  you,  members  of  this  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Genealogy  now  convened,  to  endorse  most 
strongly  the  plan  of  "an  uniform  publication  of  the  historical 
and  vital  records  of  various  counties  and  states  now  unpublished, 
and  the  establishment  of  a  National  Bureau  of  Vital  Records  as  a 
part  of  governmental  records  at  Washington,  similar  to  the  records 
in  the  General  Register  Office,  Somerset  House,  London,  England. ' ' 

The  history  of  Great  Britain  is  long  and  brilliant ;  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  great  importance  of  preserving  the  records  of  its  history 
has  ever  had  a  firm  hold  upon  that  nation. 

We  are  the  children  of  that  blood,  many  of  us  having  in  our 
veins  no  other  mixture.  Its  high  renown  is  ours;  its  sons  were 
worthy  of  the  scions  from  whom  they  came.  Why  do  we,  then, 
continue  to  let  the  "house  beautiful"  remain  in  a  state  of  dilapi- 
dation? 

The  same  is  to  be  said  of  those  having  in  their  veins  the  blood 
of  the  Huguenot  and  the  Hollandais.  We  are  proud  of  that,  does 
it  not  follow  that  we  owe  a  duty  to  our  forebears  and,  owing  that 
duty,  does  it  not  become  us  to  perform  it?  In  the  economy  of 
life  there  is  a  large  factor  which  may  be  briefly  listed  under  the 
head  of  "The  Family."  We  know  the  exact  value  of  the  "family" 
as  it  affects  our  own  individual  case — the  relationship  of  father, 
mother,  sister,  brother,  husband,  wife  and  children;  but  that  is 
family  in  a  restricted  sense. 

Do  we  keep  in  mind  the  relative  value  of  the  "family"  as 
applied  to  our  ancestral  lines?  Do  we  see  and  recognize  the  traits, 
the  habits,  the  virtues,  and,  alas!  the  vices  that  accrue  to  us  through 
a  long  line  of  forbears?  Do  we  justly  value  the  good  that  has  come 
to  us  thereby,  and  wisely  guard  against  the  evil  that  also  comes 
into  that  great  scheme  of  life? 

A  man  lives — or  a  woman — for  his  or  her  family.  They  die 
for  a  principle  or  an  inherited  obligation. 

If,  then,  the  unit  of  the  family  calls  forth  such  devotion,  must 
not  the  idea  of  the  tie  of  a  common  stock  have  great  w^eight?  It 
is  well,  and  just,  and  proper  to  do  all  for  and  in  the  individual 
family  life,  but  should  all  interest  cease  there? 

What  higher  incentive  to  pure  living  and  noble  deeds  than  the 
remembrance  that  one  has  sprung  from  a  line  which  has  made  its 
mark  in  history,  has  written  its  name  on  the  pages  of  humanity  I 

The  Chinese  have  their  form  of  "ancestor-worship,"  and  it 
has  been  the  fashion  to  deride  such;  but  the  ancestor- worship  that 
bids  us  remember  the  chivalrous  deeds,  the  noble  thoughts  that 
were  the  soul  of  those  from  whom  we  have  descended  is  a  high  and 
praiseworthy  object. 

Again  the  individual  family,  in  many  cases,  tends  to  selfishness : 
the  horizon  is  too  circumscribed,  the  outlook  is  too  narrow,  and  the 


THE     HOUSE     REST0RP:D  93 

wtiU  known  aphorism  "charity  begins  at  home"  is  f>t'ten  so  insist- 
ently urged  that  it  is  likely  to  remain  at  home  aJid  there  end  ! 

If  we  will  but  enlarge  our  interests;  if  we  will  but  turn  a 
kindly  thought  to  some  other  branch  of  the  family  tree;  if  we  will 
but  believe  that  among  the  larger  army  of  ''collateral  branches" 
we  may  find  interests,  enthusiasms,  incentives  to  higher  and  broader 
action,  then  will  we  find  the  "family,"  like  the  newer  and  loftier 
progressive  shell  of  the  chambered  nautilus,  grow  more  beautiful 
and  appealing,  and  as  a  consequence  will  make  our  lives  more 
useful  in  the  world. 

Family  lines  lend  a  most  fascinating  and  interesting  aspect 
of  life. 

We  may  lack  some  quality  of  mind  or  body  that  apparently 
should  be  ours  by  virtue  of  bij-th,  and  lo !  we  find  it  in  some  son 
or  daughter  of  a  "collateral  line,"  who  has  sprung  from  our 
common  ancestor.  We  may,  in  turn,  possess  some  attribute  or 
<lualification  that  another  descendant  lacks,  the  quality  of  which 
may  be  of  real  service  to  our  neighbor.  We  become  thereby  of 
actual  service  to  the  one  who  does  not  possess  such  quality  or 
qualities. 

The  view  of  a  common  fellowship  through  the  same  ties  of 
blood  is  broadening  and  helpful  to  a  wonderful  degree.  Thus  it  is 
that  the  welding  into  one  form — the  "family" — and  the  gathering 
together  of  the  widely  separated  members  of  each  family  is  whole- 
some and  beneficent. 

If  we  have  been  in  doubt  on  thi^  point  consider  a  few  well 
known  "family"  organizations.  The  "home  coming"  to  the  quaint 
little  home  in  Duxbury,  with  which  the  name  of  John  Alden  will 
ever  be  associated;  the  gathering  of  that  large  association,  "The 
Alden  Kindred  of  America,"  from  all  parts  of  the  Ignited  States 
and  sometimes  from  abroad,  keeps  the  sacred  fire  alive  upon  the 
altar  of  home  and  kindred.  The  pilgrimages  of  the  "Society  of 
the  Descendants  of  Robert  Bartlet  of  Plymouth"  to  that  city  by 
the  sea,  Plymouth.  ]\rassachusetts,  when  members  from  far  and  near 
gather  about  the  boulder  which  has  been  erected  upon  the  site  of 
the  old  homestead  of  ]\Ianomet. 

The  rallying  about  the  old  house  at  Dedham  of  men  and  women 
in  whose  veins  flows  the  blood  of  the  Fairbanks,  and  the  annual 
gatherings  of  many,  many  other  "families"  prove  that  "blood  is 
thicker  than  water,"  that  the  tie  of  kinship  is  stronger  than  the 
world,  in  its  selfish  struggle  for  power  and  wealth,  is  willing  to 
concede.  It  is  here  that  the  best  traits  are  brought  forward,  for 
who  would  hold  up  to  public  scrutiny,  or  seek  to  exhibit  to  the 
world  any  ignoble  strain?  Seeking  the  best  in  a  line  is  in  itstdf 
educational  and  beneficial.  There  is  another  point  to  be  considered 
— the  strength  of  unity. 

Then  let  us  continue  in  this  form  of  "ancestor-worship."  seek- 
ing the  "survival  of  the  fittest,"  the  oldest  of  laws,  and  do  all  in 


94       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

our  power  to  encourage  the  forming  into  "families"  those  or 
common  kindred,  thus  keeping  alive  that  search  for  the  best  and 
highest,  which  was  the  mark  of  the  Pilgrim,  the  indomitable  spirit 
of  the  Puritan,  the  devotion  of  the  Huguenot,  the  sturdy  adherence 
to  duty  and  love  of  native  land  of  the  Hollandais,  which  is  shared 
by  Belgium,  as  shown  in  her  struggle  against  this  atrocious  war  now 
waging  in  Europe;  and  last,  though  first  by  right  of  settlement, 
the  high  courage  and  daring  of  the  Cavaliers,  though  screened  in 
velvet  and  lace ! 

Thus,  in  order  to  preserve  the  "Family"  we  must  preserve  the 
House,  in  which  no  more  beautiful  and  important  room  is  to  be 
found  than  that  of  its  "hall  of  records." 

Uniform  publication  of  records  is  a  vital  point.  Where  authori- 
ties differ  confusion  reigns.  Vital  statistics  or  records  are  justly 
termed  "vital,"  for  they  are  vital  as  to  worth  and  authority. 

In  the  great  scheme  of  government  at  our  National  capitol,  that 
of  the  establishment  of  a  National  Bureau  of  Vital  Records,  aye, 
and  the  preservation  of  those  now  in  its  possession,  is  most  fitting 
and  most  hopeful  of  good  results. 

We  must  remember  that  in  our  hands  has  been  reposed  a  great 
trust,  that  of  the  preservation  of  the  records  of  the  great  American 
people  descended  from  the  races  of  the  older  world,  and  that  in 
Qur  magnificent  march  of  progress  this  is  a  salient  feature. 

It  is  an  encouraging  mark  of  the  times  that  this  large  and 
representative  body  should  be  today  in  convention,  and  it  is  not 
an  unreasonable  hope  that  such  measures  will  be  taken  here,  and 
such  work  established  in  the  near  future,  as  to  place  on  a  firm 
basis  the  projects  for  which  this  Society  has  come  into  existence, 
and  which  justify  its  being. 


GENEALOGICAL     RESEARCH     L\     DEN^L\RK  95 


GENEALOGICAL  RESEARCH  IN   DENMARK. 


By  TH.   HAUCH-FAUSBOLL 

DIRKKTOK    DA»iK    t  ilJNIOAl.OCi  I>SK    IN>iTI'r\T   OK    t  Ol'KNII  AOKN.    nKN.MARK. 


I  remember  from  the  days  of  my  childhood  in  a  country  par- 
sonage by  the  coast  of  the  North  St-a  a  song  which  our  maid  used 
to  be  fond  of  and  which  she  sang  with  great  pathos. 

These  were  the  first  lines : 

"Oh  Susanna!    Wilt  thou  come  and  marry  me? 
Then  off  I'll  be  to  California  and  gold  I  will  find  for  thee." 

According  to  my  idea  the  number  of  Danes  can  hardly  be  so 
few  who,  when  the  gold  fever  was  raging,  could  have  undertaken 
the  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  to  seek  their  fortunes  in  the  Far 
West. 

Of  course  Denmark  is  not  covered  everywhere  v.ith  green  beech 
trees  and  waving  cornfields.  Right  through  Jutland  there  ex- 
tends a  waste  expanse  of  heather,  and  along  the  coast  of  the  North 
Sea  the  soil  for  miles  is  mingled  with  drifting  sand,  which  has 
produced  horny  hands  and  tough  sinews  before  crops  could  be 
thought  of  at  all.  Such  rough,  uncouth  surroundings  would  natur- 
ally tend  to  enhance  the  emigration  with  a  prospect  of  amelioration 
of  wages  and  social  conditions,  but  America  was  not  deceived  by 
these  sturdy  and  industrious  people,  and  we  who  remained  at 
home  have  often  had  the  opportunity  to  be  pleased  at  the  praise 
which  was  bestowed  upon  our  compatriots  in  the  new  country  of 
their  adoption. 

From  time  to  time  "The  Danish  Genealogical  Institute"  re- 
ceives an  old  certificate  of  character  or  a  faded  document  from 
across  the  sea  with  the  request  to  obtain  information  about  their 
kinsmen  at  home.  Hitherto  the  number  of  such  requests  has  not 
been  very  large,  but  that,  I  should  take  it,  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  struggle  for  existence  has  provided  our  pioneers  with  quite 
enough  to  do.  A  couple  of  generations  must  go  by  before  our 
friends  can  afford  the  time  to  think  of  anything  but  material  things 
in  life  and  before  their  traditions  and  family  histories  begin  to 
form.  However,  the  time  will  surely  come  when  many  of  the 
descendants  of  the  emigrants  will  seek  for  information  regarding 
their  ancestors  in  Denmark,  and  it  has,  therefore,  afforded  me 
great  pleasure  to  have  received  "California  Genealogical  Society's" 
flattering  invitation  to  relate  a  little  as  to  how  the  genealogical 
researches  are  carried  out  in  this  country. 


96       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

It  may  here  be  stated  at  once  that  Denmark  is  one  of  those 
countries  where  the  sources  are  plentiful  and  easily  accessible  to 
the  student  of  genealogy.  Whilst  still  in  many  places  abroad — to 
the  great  detriment  of  genealogical  research — the  materials  in  con- 
nection with  archives  are  found  distributed  among  various  officials 
wliere  they  are  likely  to  be  exposed  to  defacement  and  danger  from 
fire,  we  can  thank  Mr,  A.  D.  Jorgensen  from  South  Jutland  for 
two  main  sources  from  which  one  can  draw  if  one  is  in  search  of 
information  about  one's  ancestors:  in  church  registers  and  in  the 
records  of  settlements  of  estate  in  Denmark,  these  being  concen- 
trated in  three  national  archives  (one  for  Jutland,  one  for  Funen, 
and  one  for  Sealand  with  Lolland-Falster  and  Bornholm)  where 
they  are  at  the  free  disposal  of  the  public. 

In  order  to  be  able  to  utilize  these  archives  to  their  fullest 
advantage  it  is  only  necessary  that  one  has  some  practice  in  de- 
ciphering scripts.  It  is  here  we  take  the  lead  as  compared  with 
foreign  countries,  for  even  where  the  church  registers  (the  records 
of  settlements  of  estates  are  certainly  a  special  northern  phenom- 
enon, as  I  have  never  in  any  single  case  met  with  anything 
similar  abroad)  are  concentrated  as,  for  example,  in  Scotland,  Meck- 
lenburg and  many  other  places  a  certain  fee  is  charged  for  the 
use  of  same. 

In  addition  to  these  main  sources,  the  church  registers,  in 
which  are  to  be  found  the  records  of  our  ancestors'  christenings, 
marriages  and  deaths,  and  to  the  registers  of  estates,  which  contain 
information  of  their  bequests  and  heirs,  there  are,  of  course,  many 
other  sources  to  fall  back  upon,  e.  g.,  census  and  census  lists  (in  the 
last  mentioned  the  places  of  birth  have  been  given  since  1844), 
trade  licenses,  also  usually  indicating  place  of  birth  (in  olden  times, 
however,  often  only  mentioning  the  country  or  that  part  of  the 
country  to  which  the  person  in  question  belonged),  registers  of 
legal  decisions,  letters  patent  and  concessions,  together  wtih  statu- 
tory records.  If  one  is  fortunate  enough  to  be  descended  from 
a  fighting  and  quarrelsome  ancestor  the  latter  are  of  great  value 
if  the  church  and  estate  registers  are  discrepant. 

The  church  registers  were  put  into  force  by  law  in  Denmark 
in  the  years  1645-46.  Only  a  few,  however,  go  so  far  back ;  partly 
the  rules  were  not  adhered  to  everywhere  and  partly  some  of  the 
registers  were  the  victims  of  unfortunate  circumstances. 

It  was  only  after  1814,  when  duplicates  were  introduced,  that 
one  could  depend  upon  the  existence  of  church  registers  from  all 
parishes. 

When  it  is  known  in  which  parish  an  ancestor  has  been  resident 
this  register  will  not  be  found  so  difficult  to  consult;  but  it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  the  same  forefather  was  possessed  of  a  cairn  and 
equable  temperament,  one  who  had  remained  on  the  spot  which  he 
at  one  time  had  chosen,  for  otherwise  it  will  be  difficult  enough 
to  follow  him  from  one  locality  to  another. 


GENEALOGICAL     RESEARCH     L\'     DENiMARK  97 

The  examination  of  estate  registers  is  less  easy,  the  estate  de- 
partments in  former  times  having  been  controlled  by  various 
authorities.  ^lilitary  and  ecclesiastical  each  had  their  own  estate 
department  and  the  town  theirs;  in  the  country  the  lauded  pro- 
prietors belong  to  the  eount.v  sheriffs'  jurisdiction  and  the  large 
majority  of  peasants,  the  leaseholders,  may  cause  especial  difficul- 
ties, as  each  landed  proprietor  settled  his  peasants'  estates  himself. 
As  an  estate  might  possess  peasant-owned  property  in  various  parts 
of  the  country,  it  is  not  always  easy  to  find  where  such  an  estate 
can  be  located. 

I  have  in  the  foregoing  made  brief  mention  of  some  of  the  chief 
sources  of  information  which  have  not  found  their  way  into  print, 
and  I  will  now  draw  attention  to  a  few  of  the  many  printed  records 
which  a  Danish  genealogist  has  at  his  disposal. 

As  in  most  other  countries,  Denmark  has  its  biographical  dic- 
tionaries (also  including  Norway  from  1537  to  1814)  in  which  all 
personages  who  have  distinguished  themselves  by  deeds,  either 
good  or  evil,  are  enumerated.  There  are  besides  this  a  few  older 
works  on  the  Danish  nobility — a  splendid  material  in  a  long  row 
of  stately  volumes  of  "Denmark's  Nobility  Annual" — which  have 
been  published  yearly  since  1884.  Among  other  lists  of  pedigrees 
may  be  mentioned  "Gjessings  Jubellarere"  (biographies  and  pedi- 
grees of  Danes,  Norwegians  and  Icelanders  who  have  celebrated 
their  fifty  years'  jubilee  of  office);  "Lengnicks,"  numerous  but 
rather  unreliable  genealogies  of  noble  and  plebeian  families  (the 
later  preponderating)  ;  "Patrician  Families"  and  "Family  Hand- 
book" (supplement  to  "Genealogical  Review"). 

As  regards  works  of  reference  dealing  with  individual  persons 
we  have  in  Denmark  a  fairly  good  number  of  reliable  works  deal- 
ing with  almost  every  profession,  such  as  the  clergy,  teachers, 
doctors,  lawyers,  military  persons,  authors,  artists,  politicians, 
etc.,  who  have  all  had  their  biographers,  so  that  it  is  comparatively 
easy  to  trace  a  man  who  would  not  be  included  among  the  peasant 
or  citizen  classes. 

Nothing  similar  could  be  thought  of  in  large  countries  where 
it  would  be  a  stupendous  task  for  one  single  man,  for  instance,  to 
collect  material  for  a  complete  handbook  on  the  clergy  of  the 
country  during  a  period  of  about  350  years,  as  has  been  done  in 
Denmark.  Also  in  the  method  of  working  I  believe  the  Danish 
genealogist  (I  can  well  include  the  Norwegian  and  partly  the 
Swedish)  are  ahead  of  most  other  countries.  Principally,  Keeper 
of  Archives  Thiset's  work  on  the  history  of  the  Danish  nobility, 
and  many  excellent  treatises  on  the  review  of  personal  biograpliists 
which  have  appeared  since  the  year  1880,  have  helped  to  direct  the 
genealogical  research  in  this  country  and  in  Norway  into  scientific 
channels,  and  what  has  been  produced  in  works  dealing  with  gene- 
alogical and  personal  biographies  is,  in  my  opinion,  better  than 
anywhere  else,  both  as  regards  quality  and  quantity.     Here  will 


98       INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

also  be  found  a  long  and  attractive  list  of  family  bocks  and  an- 
cestral tables.  Even  if  genealogical  research  in  a  general  way  is 
not  a  particularly  involved  thing,  it  is  still  necessary  to  execute 
a  thorough  and  correct  work,  and  as  an  intimate  knowledge  and 
undertaking  of  the  many  printed  and  unprinted  sources  of  infor- 
mation can  only  be  obtained  by  many  years  experience,  it  is, 
therefore,  always  an  advantage  to  apply  to  a  reliable  expert  instead 
of  meddling  in  the  business  oneself.  Both  money  and  time  will 
be  thereby  saved  and  often  information  obtained  which  otherwise 
one  would  have  to  go  without. 

What  we  especially  need  in  Denmark,  from  a  genealogical  point 
of  view,  is  a  more  intensive  connection  with  foreign  countries. 
Nearly  every  family  spreads  its  branches  over  foreign  countries; 
genealogy  is,  therefore,  in  a  high  degree  international,  but  it  is 
cultivated  as  almost  only  national  here  at  home.  If  a  family  has 
migrated  abroad  we  obtain,  as  a  rule,  little  information  of  their 
ancestors  and  easily  lose  track  of  the  emigrants  and  their  descend- 
ants. A  closer  co-operation  between  the  students  of  genealogy  will 
surely  be  to  the  advantage  of  genealogical  research  in  Denmark. 


LETTER     FROM     SIAM  99 


LETTER    FROM    SIAM. 


V.   FRANKFURTER 

VA.JIRANANA    NATIONAL   LIBRARY, 
UANOKOK,  SSIAM. 


Sir  : — I  feel  ereatly  honored  by  your  proposal  conveyed  to  me 
in  your  letter  of  the  27th  of  April  last  to  contribute  to  the  Congress 
of  Genealogy,  to  be  held  in  San  Francisco  on  July  26th,  a  paper  to 
be  read  before  the  Congress  and  preserved  in  its  proceedings  upon 
the  genealogy  of  the  Siamese  people. 

It  would  have  given  me  pleasure  to  contribute  such  a  paper  to 
your  proceedings,  but  your  letter  reached  me  too  late  to  make  it 
possible  for  me  to  comply  with  your  wish. 

I  will  only  remark  that  the  proper  designation  of  the  Siamese 
is  ''Thm,"  that  coming  from  the  borders  of  China — as  can  be 
proved  by  legend  and  language — they  extended  their  dominion 
through  the  valley  of  the  "Menam  Chao  Phraya"  and  "Me nam 
Kong''  down  to  the  ]\Ialay  Peninsula,  with  Ligor  as  the  capital, 
and  as  far  south  as  Malacca. 

With  regard  to  the  question  of  a  pedigree  of  a  well  known 
Siamese  family,  I  have  to  point  out  that  a  hereditary  nobility 
does  not  exist  in  Siam.  The  nobility,  if  so  it  can  be  called,  is  an 
official  one.  Up  to  two  years  ago  family  names,  as  such,  did  not 
exist  among  the  Siamese;  they  have  been  created  by  the  present 
king  and  it  is  said  will  come  into  general  use  in  two  years'  time. 

I  regret  that  owing  to  the  bad  communications  at  present  exist- 
ing and  the  shortness  of  time,  I  cannot  give  you  fuller  information, 
but  hold  myself  at  your  disposal  for  anything  further  you  may 
wish  or  I  may  supply.    I  have  the  honor  to  be 
Your  very  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  V.  Frankfurter. 

To  the  Hon.  Henry  Byron  Phillips, 

President  California  Genealogical  Society, 
San  Francisco,  U.  S.  A. 


100      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 


PRESIDENT'S  COMMEMORATIVE  ADDRESS.' 


By  franh  hervey  pi:ttingell 

PRESIDENT   INTERN ATION^M.  CONCRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 


We  are  assembled  here  this  afternoon  to  participate  in  the 
closing  exercises  of  the  International  Congress  of  Genealogy 
which  has  been  in  session  for  three  days  in  San  Francisco. 

The  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  has  recognized 
the  Congress  by  giving  it  a  place  on  the  official  program.  This 
recognition  is  highly  prized  and  will  go  far  toward  impressing 
this  Congress  on  the  memory  of  every  one  present. 

Our  business  is  finished;  we  now  want  to  see  the  wonders  of 
this  Exposition,  I  will  not  attempt  any  pyrotechnic  flight  of 
oratory ;  no  doubt  all  the  adjectives  in  the  English  language  have 
long  ago  been  exhausted  in  its  praise. 

When  we  disperse  today  and  you  will  go  your  different  ways, 
I  hope  you  will  spread  the  importance  of  American  Genealogy; 
not  only  as  it  relates  to  the  past  but  as  to  its  bearing  on  the 
future. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  introducing  Mr.  Colvin  B.  Brown  of 
the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  who  has  a  most 
pleasant  task  to  perform, 

♦Delivered  at  the  opeDlng  of  the  Commemorative  Session,  July  31,  1915. 


ADDRESS     OP     WELCOME  101 


ADDRESS    OF    WELCOME. 


By   COLVIN   B.  BROW^N 

OF   THE   BOARD    OF     DIRKCTORS,    PANAMA-PACIFIC   INTERNATIONAI>   EXPOSITION. 


It  is  my  pleasant  privilege  today  to  extend  to  you  a  word  of 
greeting  on  behalf  of  the  President  and  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Fanama-Pacifie  International  Exposition  and  to  present  to  you  a 
token  of  their  appreciation  at  having  you  with  us  today  as  our 
very  welcome  guests. 

The  builders  of  the  Exposition  set  for  themselves  a  heavy  task 
when  they  undertook  to  create  something  that  would  adequately 
celebrate  the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal.  They  well  under- 
stood that  in  order  to  meet  expectations  it  would  have  to  be  some- 
thing more  beautiful,  more  compelling,  and  grander  in  every  way 
than  any  that  had  gone  before. 

So  the  men  who  undertook  this  task  gathered  to  them  architects 
of  international  fame,  the  nation's  greatest  colorist,  the  world's 
most  famous  expert  on  lighting,  and  a  landscape  gardener  who 
had  turned  the  sand  dunes  at  the  Golden  Gate  into  a  modern 
Paradise.  And  these  people  and  their  helpers  took  the  perfect 
architecture  of  Greece,  mingled  it  with  the  art  of  Spain's  renais- 
sance, spilled  upon  it  the  color  of  the  Orient,  lighted  it  like  an  opal 
and  set  it  in  the  midst  of  a  garden  of  flowers  and  shrubs  and  far- 
reaching  lawns. 

In  the  meantime  emissaries  were  sent  throughout  the  world  who 
gathered  together  exhibits  representing  the  very  sum  of  human 
achievements  in  all  that  makes  for  the  comfort,  the  happiness,  and 
the  benefit  of  mankind. 

So  here  we  have  this  marvelous  combination  of  architecture, 
color  and  light,  these  palaces  filled  with  the  best  that  man  has 
wrought,  and  today  it  is  all  at  your  disposal.  We  bid  you  a  sincere 
welcome  to  it  and  express  to  you  our  earnest  wish  that  all  good 
possible  may  flow  to  you  from  contact  with,  and  understanding  of, 
the  feast  that  has  been  prepared  for  you. 

There  is  something  more  here  than  the  physical  evidences  that 
you  will  see  around  you,  for  those  who  built  the  Exposition  were 
idealists,  and  they  thought  this  creation  of  theirs  would  scarcely 
be  worth  the  effort  if  the  Exposition  were  to  die  with  the  destruction 
of  the  buildings.  It  was  their  intent  that  out  of  all  the  time  and 
money  and  effort  something  lasting  must  result  if  the  real  mission 
of  the  Exposition  were  to  be  fulfilled.  And  so  national  and  inter- 
national congresses,  conventions  and  societies  were  invited  to  hold 
their  meetings  here.  Eight  liundred  nnd  tliirty-five  accepted  the 
invitation,  and  these,  meeting  in  these  surroundings,  studying  the 


102      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

lessons  the  exhibits  teach  and  consulting  together  for  the  benefit 
of  that  which  they  represent,  are  bound  to  evolve  something  which, 
in  the  aggregate,  will  redound  to  the  benefit  of  all  humanity  for 

all  time. 

The  members  of  the  International  Genealogical  Congress  repre- 
sent a  forward  movement  in  race  betterment.  You  recognize  that 
you  have  inherited  an  obligation  from  your  ancestors  that  you 
must  fulfill  to  the  best  that  is  in  you,  and  that  you  must  pass  this 
down  to  those  who  follow  after  you,  to  the  end  that  each  succeeding 
generation,  if  true  to  its  obligation,  will  approach  nearer  and  nearer 
to  the  goal  of  perfect  man  and  womanhood. 

So  I  feel  that  you  represent  in  the  highest  way  the  very  spirit 
of  this  great  Exposition,  and  it  is  an  honor  to  welcome  you. 

I  have  here  our  words  of  welcome  inscribed  on  imperishable 
bronze.  May  the  work  you  are  doing  for  the  uplift  of  the  race 
last  as  long  as  this  endures.  Intrinsically  it  is  of  small  value,  but 
the  spirit  in  which  it  is  given  is  great. 


ACCEPTANCE  OF  CO.MMEMORATIVE  MEDAL       lOS 


RESPONSE     AND     ACCEPTANCE     OF     COM- 
MEMORATIVE    MEDAL. 


By  HENRY  BYRON  PHILLIPS 

PRKSIDKNT  C-AI-II''ORNIA.   litCNKALOOICAL  SOCIETY. 

Mr.  Colvin  B.  Brown,  representing  Mr.  Chas.  C.  Moore,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Panama-Pacific  Internntion  d  Exposition: 

I  wish  to  express  the  appreciation  ol'  the  members  of  this  Con- 
gress upon  the  wonderful  showintjf  you  have  made  in  construction 
and  equipment  of  this  Exposition ;  it  seems  to  me  that  were  there 
nothing  whatever  to  be  seen  inside  of  any  building  in  these  grounds 
that  the  wonderful  beauty  of  the  exteriors,  the  magic  settings  of 
flowers  and  greens,  the  great  transformation  of  its  wonderful  even- 
ing lights  and  shadows  would  be  of  themselves  alone  worthy 
of  a  journey  from  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  simply  to  enjoy 
to  the  utmost. 

You  have  budded  better  than  you  knew,  and  why  have  you  done 
all  these  things,  that  would  seem  almost  impossi})le  were  it  not  a 
glittering  truth?  "Was  it  for  mere  material  gain  to  your  city  and 
State?  It  was  not.  Was  it  to  (celebrate  the  opening  of  the  Panama 
Canal  ?  Many  of  you  no  doubt  honestly  think  so.  Was  it  in  a 
larger  way  to  call  attention  to  the  shifting  trade  currents  of  the 
world,  and  emphasize  the  Pacific  Coast  as  the  coming  future  empir-^ 
of  the  world's  commercial  and  industrial  activities?  Perhaps  many 
also  will  assign  that  as  the  reason  of  its  being. 

But  it  seems  to  those  who  have  come  from  afar  to  see  the  glories 
of  this  Exposition  and  enjoy  the  hospitality  of  its  creators  that  you 
yourselves  do  not  grasp  the  real  significance  and  reason  why  this 
great  thing  has  been  so  superbly  done. 

It  seems  to  me,  and  to  others,  that  it  was  born  of  necessity. 
Psychologists  tell  us  that  we  have  in  our  mental  makeup  certain 
emotional  functions  that  tend  to  produce  actions  of  special  char- 
acter, technically  called  by  them  '%  )?n|)lexes, "  that  when  a  certain 
"complex"  dominates  our  mind  to  the  exclusion  of  other  things 
that  we  become  to  an  extent  insane  upon  that  subject. 

Now  it  appears  to  me  that  the  overwhelming  nature  of  your 
calamity  of  a  few  years  sincM*  so  douunated  your  'uinds.  that  you  as 
a  community  had  an  overwhelming  "complex"  set  up  in  your 
minds,  that  if  left  undisturbed  would  have  driven  you  to  the 
insanity  of  despair.  But  here  the  radiant  beauty  of  that  Equili- 
brium between  Infinite  Wisdom  and  Infinite  Power  made  itself 
manifest  to  preserve  the  balan«'(^  in   nature,  and  your  minds  in- 


104      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

stinctively  and  for  self-preservation  turned  to  another  "complex" 
to  safeguard  your  mentalities  from  that  greater  calamity  of  despair. 
This  saving  "complex"  was  the  thought  of  this  Exposition,  little 
perhaps  at  first,  but  eagerly  grasped  for  by  your  minds  as  a  balance 
and  saviour,  growing  by  leaps  and  bounds;  it  would  not  take  no 
for  an  answer  to  anything,  it  fought  the  fight  of  despair  to  gain 
the  sanction  of  Congress,  subscribed  your  material  fortunes  almost 
joyously,  overcame  all  obstacles,  designed  and  builded  in  the  same 
compelled  mood  of  mentality,  for  self-preservation. 

The  purpose  of  this  International  Congress  of  Genealogy  is  to 
bring  in  common  touch  the  representatives  of  the  numerous  local 
kindred  organizations  that  have  heretofore  been  working  each  in 
its  own  way,  in  a  more  or  less  restricted  field,  to  broaden  their 
outlook,  to  avoid  duplication  of  work  and  thus  loss  of  energy;  to 
establish  uniform  system  and  methods,  to  memorialize  Congress  for 
the  needed  legislation  to  preserve  the  vital  records  of  this  country 
in  a  manner  befitting  the  necessities  and  intelligence  of  our  people ; 
to  discourage  superficial  and  inaccurate  work;  to  collect  scattered 
records  of  the  past  from  places  of  danger,  decay  or  other  hazard 
and  cause  them  to  be  conserved  in  safe  repositories;  to  collect  and 
place  at  the  disposal  of  all  scientific  investigation  the  necessary 
vital  data  upon  which  they  must  of  necessity  build  in  their  efforts 
to  conserve  and  improve  the  human  race,  and,  finally,  to  lay  the 
foundation  of  an  International  Genealogical  Federation,  which  shall 
be  an  organized  body,  which  shall  supervise  to  a  large  extent  the 
activities  indicated  above  and  other  cognate  matters  that  may  be 
determined  as  proper  subjects  for  recognition  by  the  consent  of 
the  bodies  embraced  in  the  proposed  federation. 

It  is  confidently  expected  that  the  stamp  of  approval  of  this 
federation  shall  be  taken  as  the  final  word  in  such  matters. 

A  few  arguments  may  be  briefly  presented  to  establish  the 
reasonable  and  correct  understanding  of  Genealogy. 

It  is  eminently  useful  to  the  student  of  history;  no  one  can 
understand  the  secret  motives  or  the  political  manoeuvers  of  the 
the  statesmen  of  Europe,  for  example,  not  knowing  the  relation- 
ships of  their  leading  families.  Periods  whose  history  is  most 
complicated,  are  intelligible  only  by  means  of  genealogical  tables, 
for  family  pride,  the  love  of  one 's  own  blood,  the  reliance  upon  ties 
of  kindred  have  ever  exercised  a  powerful  influence.  The  genealogi- 
cal table  sometimes  comes  in  to  solve,  with  gratifying  simplicity, 
these  enigmas  in  political  histor}^  which,  without  this  aid,  would 
have  been  shrouded  in  complete  darkness. 

If  the  genealogy  of  the  royal  families  and  of  statesmen  must  be 
ascertained  in  order  to  render  intelligible  the  annals  of  a  nation, 
so  must  the  relationships  of  families  be  made  known  in  order  to 
explain  many  of  the  occurrences  in  the  history  of  towns  and  the 
country-side.  Thus  it  may  be  understood  that  genealogy  is  the 
corner  stone  of  history. 


ACCEPTANCE     OF     COMMEMORATIVE     MEDAL  lOS 

The  preservation  of  family  history,  which  is  more  than  a  mere 
collection  of  names  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  pedigree,  has 
come  to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  parts  of  the 
history  of  a  people.  Hitherto  history  was  limited  almost  exclusively 
to  governmental  and  political  affairs;  the  pomp  and  glitter  of 
courts,  an  assumed  glory  of  military  achievements,  and  all  the 
attendant  circumstances  of  oppressive  rule.  Hardly  a  glimpse  do 
we  get  of  the  real  life  of  the  people,  the  men  of  the  mart,  the  farm 
or  the  factory,  or  of  the  women  whose  social  and  domestic  virtues 
made  possible  their  orderly  lives  and  gave  strength  to  the  nation. 

Of  these  history  is  almost  silent,  for  it  has  been  written  under 
the  influence  of  those  in  power  for  the  most  part. 

The  modern  historian  is  realizing  that  the  history  of  the  people 
is  an  important  portion  of  modern  history,  and  several  recent 
volumes  have  been  written  in  which  the  life  story  of  the  men  and 
women  of  a  period  who  have  been  forgotten  has  been  pieced  out 
scrap  by  scrap  from  materials  gathered  by  genealogists  from  many 
scattered  sources,  to  supplement  the  statecraft  history  of  the  past. 
No  more  interesting  contributions  to  literature  than  these  have  been 
given  to  modern  readers. 

Genealogy  is  essential  to  family  history,  and  may  be  called  also 
the  handmaid  to  history,  and  the  genealogist  in  his  search  for 
family  connections  should  gather  every  scrap  of  interest  relating 
to  the  life  of  those  whose  genealogies  he  is  seeking  to  construct. 

A  family  pedigree  is  valuable,  but  immensely  more  so  when 
associated  with  the  lives  of  its  component  members,  or  as  may  be 
said,  clothed  with  flesh  and  blood. 

No  man  knows  himself  so  well  but  that  he  may  learn  more  by 
scanning  the  lives  of  his  progenitors.  The  faults,  the  strength, 
the  vices,  the  weakness  or  the  virtue  of  the  father  of  a  family  do 
not  end  in  himself.  Human  legislation  cannot  amend  the  law  that 
our  children's  children  shall  be  the  better  for  our  virtues  and  worse 
for  our  sins.  Where  can  one  find  a  better  guide  to  correct  conduct 
than  in  the  vital  records  of  his  ancestors?  This  is  also  a  functicm  of 
genealogy,  a  guide  to  right  living. 

Further  it  has  been  said  that  "those  who  care  nothing  for  their 
ancestors  are  wanting  in  respect  for  themselves." 

Looking  at  the  subject  in  a  large  and  lofty  way  T  would  say 
the  study  of  genealogy  teaches  us  to  live  and  so  develop  the  latent 
forces  for  good  that  are  within  us  that  we  may  be  able  to  make 
our  ancestor's  famous — the  progenitors  of  illustrious  men  and 
women. 

I  am  sorry  that  many  of  our  dt^legates  felt  impelled  to  leave 
for  their  homes,  which  accounts  for  the  light  attendance  here  today, 
but  all,  whether  here  or  absent,  will  unite  with  me  to  thank  the 
management  of  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition  for 
the  many  courtesies  extended  and  for  the  beautiful  token  of  our 
visit  as  embodied  in  this  historic  imuss  of  moulded  metal,  and  on 


106      INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  GENEALOGY 

behalf  of  the  International  Congress  of  Genealogy  I  now  am  pleased 
to  accept  this  memento  from  your  hands,  and  place  it  in  the  archives 
of  the  Congress  (for  the  International  Genealogical  Federation,  its 
successor)  as  its  first  trophy  and  as  an  inspiration  to  future  effort 
and  success. 


5  0  8  2     v-^ 


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